Improving clinical outcomes via responsible antimicrobial use in horses

Abstract

The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance affects veterinarians on a daily basis. Antimicrobial stewardship and responsible prescribing are essential for a future with effective antimicrobials, as it is unlikely that new antimicrobials will become available for use in horses in the near future. Extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Salmonella spp. are pathogens of significant concern but there are also other opportunistic pathogens such as Pseudomonas spp., a-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. which, due to their high intrinsic resistance, have limited treatment options in adult horses. It is essential that highest priority critically important antimicrobials such as ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, rifampicin and polymyxin B are used prudently in horses and ideally based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). For example, the use of polymyxin B at a low anti-endotoxic dose rather than at a higher antimicrobial dose in horses for the treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a potential driver for resistance to colistin (polymyxin E), an antimicrobial used as a last resort in the treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) Enterobacteriaceae infections in humans. Serum procalcitonin levels are used in humans to distinguish noninfectious inflammatory conditions from inflammation caused by bacteria and other infectious agents and are also used to guide cessation of antimicrobial treatment. Although no such studies have been performed in horses, this or other markers may prove to be helpful in guiding antimicrobial treatment decisions in the future. Optimising sampling techniques and good communication with the microbiology laboratory are essential for generating the accurate culture and AST results that underpin appropriate antimicrobial use. Additionally, there is clearly a need for national and international harmonisation of laboratory methods in order to improve the reliability and consistency of results reported by different laboratories.

Genetic Diversity, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Cow, Camel, and Mare with Clinical Endometritis

“…Carbapenems are critically-important antibiotics, restricted to human use [ 92 ]. In this work, 14.8% (8/54) of the isolates showed a resistance to imipenem; this is inconsistent with the results of previous studies [ 93 , 94 , 95 ]. The occurrence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria was reported in veterinary medicine [ 84 , 90 , 96 , 97 , 98 ].…”

Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses

“…In most countries, antibiotics belonging to several classes, including polypeptides (polymyxin B), macrolides, aminoglycosides, ansamycins, penicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and metronidazoles, are used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of bacterial infections without conducting sensitivity tests, especially in situations where mortality rates are high, e.g., sepsis in foals [ 40 , 41 , 43 , 50 ]. Polymyxin B is used for the management of endotoxemia in horses and, at an anti-endotoxic dose (which is lower than the antimicrobial dose), for the treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) [ 40 , 51 ]. The use of polymyxin B in subtherapeutic concentrations potentially exerts selection pressure for the development of AMR.…”

“…The use of polymyxin B in subtherapeutic concentrations potentially exerts selection pressure for the development of AMR. However, the use of the highest priority CIAs (HP-CIAs) without a sensitivity test in horses is not allowed in some countries, such as Sweden [ 40 ]. The use of antibiotics in undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases and for an unrecommended duration in horses also leads to the development of AMR [ 40 ].…”

“…However, the use of the highest priority CIAs (HP-CIAs) without a sensitivity test in horses is not allowed in some countries, such as Sweden [ 40 ]. The use of antibiotics in undiagnosed or misdiagnosed cases and for an unrecommended duration in horses also leads to the development of AMR [ 40 ]. In most developing countries, antimicrobial use is not strictly controlled, and non-professionals/animal owners use critically important drugs without the supervision of a veterinarian [ 34 ].…”

“…Therefore, it is important to evaluate this risk due to this potential public health threat. Antimicrobials, including critically important ones such as polymyxin B and ceftiofur, are used for the treatment of infections and prophylaxis in horses, but the latter mode of use (prophylactic control) is widely criticized [ 38 , 39 , 40 ]. Globally, empirical treatment (without conducting the sensitivity test) for horses is allowed [ 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”