Improving Accuracy of Grading and Referral of Diabetic Macular Edema Using Location and Extent of Hard Exudates in Retinal Photography

Abstract

We have proposed OCT-based classification of DME into severe and nonsevere CSME. Based on this limited analysis, severity of CSME is related more to extent of HE rather than proximity to the center of the macula.

Predicting optical coherence tomography-derived diabetic macular edema grades from fundus photographs using deep learning

“…Brackets denote 95% confidence intervals. n = number of images subset of data previously gathered during another DME study 27 . The images were gathered using a Canon CR-DGi camera and OCTs were taken with a Optovue iVue machine from a US-based population (see Methods).…”

The Role of Telemedicine, In-Home Testing and Artificial Intelligence to Alleviate an Increasingly Burdened Healthcare System: Diabetic Retinopathy

“…Several DR telescreening models have been implemented. Retinal images are generally acquired by trained primary care physicians, technicians, ophthalmic photographers and nurses [ 7 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 17 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 – 27 , 27 – 31 , 53 – 60 , 63 – 65 , 68 – 72 , 51 – 53 , 53 , 97 – 101 , 57 , 58 , 58 , 59 , 26 – 30 , 64 , 64 , 65 , 65 , 48 – 55 , 58 – 60 , 63 – 67 , 81 , 82 , 82 , 83 , 79 – 83 ].…”

“…The data collected in medical centers from diabetic patients during camera-based fundus examinations are sent for diabetic retinopathy detection to experts including ophthalmologists or retinal specialists [ 13 , 16 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , 26 – 29 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 42 – 45 , 47 – 52 , 54 , 56 , 64 , 67 – 75 , 79 , 81 – 83 ], certified technicians and nurses; in more complicated cases, the data are reevaluated by retinal specialists [ 12 , 15 , 20 , 31 , 41 , 44 , 59 , 63 , 66 , 78 , 102 ].…”

“…There were also significant problems regarding telemedicine programs associated with a growing demand for trained/certified eye fundus photographers [ 81 ] and image readers [ 18 , 63 ]. As a solution to that problem, training in picture-taking could be offered to nurses and technicians [ 12 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 23 , 27 , 31 – 34 , 38 , 42 – 45 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 52 – 57 , 60 , 63 , 64 , 68 , 70 – 72 , 74 , 79 – 81 , 98 – 100 ]. One promising solution was in-home testing, where patients themselves took pictures of their retinas [ 97 ].…”

Insulin resistance correlates with maculopathy and severity of retinopathy in young adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

“…Two single field 45° images centred on the macula and optic disc were taken in each eye, with additional images taken in the presence of significant pathology. DMc was graded as absent or present based on the presence of hard exudates within one disc diameter (1500 microns) of the macula in images with DR, a surrogate measure that has been validated in several studies [25].…”