Improvements to CSMA-CA in IEEE 802.15.4

Abstract

IEEE 802.15.4 is the first recognized standard that can replace the large number of proprietary PHY and MAC protocols for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LRWPANs). To balance the conflicting demands of low-delay data delivery and consumed energy, this standard employs CSMA-CA as the multiple-access scheme. However, a critical study of this protocol's operation under different conditions shows room for improvement. In this paper we propose two algorithms to improve the performance of this standard: time-based frame aggregation and selective frames. We evaluate these proposals under different conditions using performance indices including delay, throughput, and collision rate. Our simulation results together with analytical expressions from related work demonstrate the benefits of our proposed ideas.

A fuzzy controller to improve CSMA/CA performance in IEEE 802.15.4 industrial wireless sensor networks

“…However, in [12], the authors demonstrate that the use of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard protocol in WSNs is suitable for non-critical monitoring contexts, but, compared to Bluetooth, it is the most appropriate [13]. In [7] the authors analyse the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol focusing on slotted CSMA/CA in beacon-enabled mode, and they propose two solutions for frame management in order to improve network performance. These approaches reduce transmission overheads.…”

“…Some authors aim to frame management [7], channel sensing and Quality of Service (QoS) support, while others propose a novel communication management among WSN devices [8]. Moreover, the goal of [9] and [10] is the study of interference and coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4 networks [11].…”

A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks

“…Baz et al [36,37] proposed two algorithms to improve the CSMA/CA functionality. Their proposed CSMA/CA mechanism contains two strategies, namely, time-based frame aggregation strategy and selective frame strategy.…”

“…Many investigations are conducted to determine the effectiveness of the role of traffic loads on the CSMA/CA and eventually the sensor network performance gains. Baz et al [36,37] proposed two algorithms to improve the CSMA/CA functionality. Their proposed CSMA/CA mechanism contains two strategies, namely, time-based frame aggregation strategy and selective frame strategy.…”

“…The main goal is to minimise the packet collision caused by multiple IEEE 802.15.4-based systems that are using the same operating frequency at the same time. [17] BI (BO) and packet transmission retries Energy consumption, packet loss ratio and OPNET simulator medium access delay [41] Number of transmitter in homogeneous End-to-end delay and goodput OPNET simulator and heterogeneous networks [24] Slotted CSMA/CA algorithm, BO and SO Throughput, average delay and Analytical modelling probability of success [25] Slotted CSMA/CA algorithm Throughput, average delay and Markov model and ns_2 simulator probability of success [28] Saturated and unsaturated sensor nodes in CSMA/CA performance Analytical modelling (Markov model) and beacon-enabled and non-beacon-enabled (Monte Carlo simulation procedure) modes CSMA/CA internal parameters [42] Packet arrival rate, number of stations, the Average access delay and throughput Analytical modelling (Markov model) finite size of individual node buffers, packet size, inactive period between the beacons and CSMA/CA internal parameters [43] Packet arrival rate, number of stations, station Probability of access, probability that Analytical modelling (Markov model) buffer size, packet size and inactive period medium is idle, queue length distribution between the beacons in the device, and probability distribution of the packet service time [29] Number of sensor nodes and CSMA/CA algorithm Throughput and MAC service time Analytical modelling (Markov model) [30] Network size and CSMA/CA internal parameters Packet-arrival ratio, the probability of data Analytical modelling and C++ language packet, average service time, throughput -based simulation code and success rate [31] Slotted and unslotted CSMA/CA mechanisms and Collision probability and throughput Analytical model and OPNET simulator integration of the node and the channel [32] Modified slotted CSMA/CA mechanisms Latency and delay, energy efficiency and Analytical model (Markov model) and throughput ns_2 simulator [33,34] Number of nodes and CSMA/CA mechanism Energy efficiency of CSMA/CA algorithm Analytical modelling and C++ language and throughput -based simulation code [36] acknowledgement and non-acknowledgement modes with both Throughput, average delay, collision rate, Bespoke simulation platform saturated and unsaturated traffic pattern, and CSMA/CA mechanism buffer occupancy and offered load [38] Number OMNeT++ simulator and adaptive CSMA/CA internal parameters values [44] Number of sensor devices, power management Delivery ratio, latency and on-time delivery ratio Gilbert-Elliot model, ns_2 simulator mechanism (always active or not), periodic or average energy per packet and real test-bed experiment Poisson packet arrival patterns, frame re-transmissions, BI and CSMA/CA parameters [48,…”