Improvements of Strength of Layered Polypropylene Reinforced by Carbon Fiber by its Sizing Film and Electron Beam Under Protective Nitrogen Gas Atmosphere

Nishi, Yoshitake; Kitagawa, Shodai; Faudree, Michael C.; Uchida, Helmut Takahiro; Kanda, Masae; Takase, Sagiri; Kaneko, Satoru; Endo, Tamio; Tonegawa, Akira; Salvia, Michelle; Kimura, Hideki

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-7610-2_12

Cited by 5 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Untreated: Figure 8 a illustrates lower impact value range of 15 < a uc < 24 kJm −2 ( Figure 3 ) of untreated is predicted to be achieved by weak intermolecular bonding of Van der Waals forces by trace gasses in the EBI chamber of CF-(N 2 , O 2 , H 2 O,)-PP [ 4 , 31 ], along with intermolecular entanglement and copolymerization between CF sizing and PP resin [ 35 ] (not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Samples were an interlayered CF reinforced TP polypropylene (CFRTPP) composite composed of 3 sized CF cross-weave plies (TR3110M; Mitsubishi Rayon Ltd. Tokyo; plain weave; areal weight listed by manufacturer is 200 gm −2 ), alternating between 4 PP sheets (BC06C Novatec, Nissho Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), designated [PP] 4 [CF] 3 . Presence and composition of CF sizing was confirmed by proton-NMR (AVANCE500, Neutron Magnetic Resonance, Shimazu, Kyoto, Japan) [ 35 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a wide body of research has been focusing on CF surface treatments to strengthen adhesion at the CF/Polymer interface [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. One method used is to create higher interfacial friction at the CF surface by acidic modification [ 5 ], however, drawbacks are lowered strength [ 6 , 7 ] by degradation of the surface, along with weight reduction of the fiber itself [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous research has shown in a thermoplastic [PP] 4 [CF] 3 interlayered composite, direct activation of 0.22 MGy EBI to CF plies prior to lamination assembly and hot press slightly increases maximum bending strength, σ b about 6% at median- P f of 0.50 [ 35 ]. However, the effect of EBI on the essential mechanical property of impact strength has not been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strengthening Process by Electron Beam to Carbon Fiber for Impact Strength Enhancement of Interlayered Thermoplastic-Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composite

et al. 2022

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Strong adhesion between recyclable thermoplastic (TP) polymer and carbon fiber (CF) has always been highly sought after. Therefore, for an interlayered CF reinforced TP polypropylene (CFRTPP) composite composed of 3 sized CF plies, alternating between 4 PP sheets, designated [PP]4[CF]3, a process of activating CF plies directly on both sides with homogeneous low energy electron beam irradiation (EBI) under N2 gas, prior to lamination assembly and hot press of 4.0 MPa at 493 K for 3 min was carried out. Experimental results showed EBI dose of 43.2, 129, or 216 kGy significantly raised Charpy impact values, auc at all fracture probabilities, Pf. The 129 kGy dose appeared to be at or near optimum increasing auc 103%, 83%, and 65% at low-, median-, and high-Pf = 0.07, 0.50, and 0.93; while raising statistically lowest impact value, as at Pf = 0 calculated by 3-dimensional Weibull equation about 110%, indicating increased safety and reliability. It is assumed dangling bonds generated by the EBI rapidly form covalent bonds CF:C:O:C:PP and CF:C:C:PP at the interface, along with cross-linking in the PP near the CF. This is by charge transfer from CF to PP.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strengthening Process by Electron Beam to Carbon Fiber for Impact Strength Enhancement of Interlayered Thermoplastic-Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composite

et al. 2022

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“…Therefore, it is important to increase interface adhesion area in the form of crystal nucleation and bonding contact in TP CFRPs. 5 Up to now, CF surface treatments to increase CF-polymer adhesion, in particular adding functional groups to the CF inert surface, have been a major focus of research 6 including: electrochemical and plasma treatments, 7 electrochemical oxidation, 8 and acidic functional groups. 9 It follows low potential 100-keV class electron beam irradiation (EBI) has a proven track record of improving many materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new strengthening process of thermoplastic polypropylene reinforced by interlayered activated sizing film-free carbon fiber treated by electron beam irradiation under oxygen-rich nitrogen gas prior to assembly and hot-press

Kitagawa

Kimura

Uchida

et al. 2021

Journal of Composite Materials

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A new process of activating sizing film free (removed sizing) carbon fiber (SFF-CF) mats directly with electron beam irradiation (EBI) under oxygen-rich nitrogen gas prior to lamination assembly and hot-press was found to increase bending strength of CFRTP (CF reinforced thermoplastic polypropylene (PP)) interlayered composite composed of 3 SFF-CF mats between 4 PP sheets, [PP]4[SFF-CF]3. The hot-press fabrication was performed under 4.0 MPa at 473 K for 1 min. Experimental results showed optimal condition of 0.22 MGy-EBI under 2,000 ppm-O2-rich, protective N2 atmosphere improved bending strength, σb at all accumulative probabilities, Pf over that of untreated. This could be explained by maximum number of the strong covalent bonds of CF:C:C:PP and oxygen assisted CF:C:O:C:PP bonds adhering bare SFF-CF surface to PP, instead of the weak intermolecular bonding of CF(H2O, N2, O2)PP of untreated. The optimal concentration of O2 molecules together with the EBI probably purified the SFF-CF surface simultaneously generating dangling bonds, which already naturally exist in SFF-CF as evidenced by the highest intensity ESR peak whose inflection point was at B = 323 mT. This, along with attaching O groups to the SFF-CF surface can explain the increased SFF-CF to PP adhesion sites and bending strength increase. Fracture analysis showed the optimum condition prevented ply delamination and reduced damage area along sample length appearing to increase cohesion between the difficult to adhere thermoplastic PP and SFF-CF plies to take on higher loads. Although bending strength was increased, carefulness is always highly recommended when investigating unsized CF composites.

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A New Strengthening Process for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyphenylene Sulfide (CFRTP-PPS) Interlayered Composite by Electron Beam Irradiation to PPS Prior to Lamination Assembly and Hot Press

et al. 2023

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Impact by hailstone, volcanic rock, bird strike, or also dropping tools can cause damage to aircraft materials. For maximum safety, the goal is to increase Charpy impact strength (auc) of a carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyphenylene sulfide polymer (CFRTP-PPS) composite for potential application to commercial aircraft parts. The layup was three cross-weave CF plies alternating between four PPS plies, [PPS-CF-PPS-CF-PPS-CF-PPS], designated [PPS]4[CF]3. To strengthen, a new process for CFRP-PPS was employed applying homogeneous low voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) to both sides of PPS plies prior to lamination assembly with untreated CF, followed by hot press under 4.0 MPa at 573 K for 8 min. Experimental results showed a 5 kGy HLEBI dose was at or near optimum, increasing auc at each accumulative probability, Pf. Optical microscopy of 5 kGy sample showed a reduction in main crack width with significantly reduced CF separation and pull-out; while, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive X-ray (EDS) mapping showed PPS adhering to CF. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of a 5 kGy sample indicated lengthening of PPS chains as evidenced by a reduction in dangling bond peak. It Is assumed that 5 kGy HLEBI creates strong bonds at the interface while strengthening the PPS bulk. A model is proposed to illustrate the possible strengthening mechanism.

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Improvements of Strength of Layered Polypropylene Reinforced by Carbon Fiber by its Sizing Film and Electron Beam Under Protective Nitrogen Gas Atmosphere

Cited by 5 publications

References 52 publications

Strengthening Process by Electron Beam to Carbon Fiber for Impact Strength Enhancement of Interlayered Thermoplastic-Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composite

Strengthening Process by Electron Beam to Carbon Fiber for Impact Strength Enhancement of Interlayered Thermoplastic-Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composite

A new strengthening process of thermoplastic polypropylene reinforced by interlayered activated sizing film-free carbon fiber treated by electron beam irradiation under oxygen-rich nitrogen gas prior to assembly and hot-press

A New Strengthening Process for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyphenylene Sulfide (CFRTP-PPS) Interlayered Composite by Electron Beam Irradiation to PPS Prior to Lamination Assembly and Hot Press

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