Improvements in the production of bacterial synthesized biocellulose nanofibres using different culture methods

Abstract

This review summarizes previous work that was done to improve the production of bacterial cellulose nanofibres. Production of biocellulose nanofibres is a subject of interest owing to the wide range of unique properties that makes this product an attractive material for many applications. Bacterial cellulose is a natural nanomaterial that has a native dimension of less than 50 nm in diameter. It is produced in the form of nanofibres, yielding a very pure cellulose product with unique physical properties that distinguish it from plant-derived cellulose. Its high surface-to-volume ratio combined with its unique properties such as poly-functionality, hydrophilicity and biocompatibility makes it a potential material for applications in the biomedical field. The purpose of this review is to summarize the methods that might help in delivering microbial cellulose to the market at a competitive cost. Different feedstocks in addition to different bioreactor systems that have been previously used are reviewed. The main challenge that exists is the low yield of the cellulosic nanofibres, which can be produced in static and agitated cultures. The static culture method has been used for many years. However, the production cost of this nanomaterial in bioreactor systems is less expensive than the static culture method. Biosynthesis in bioreactors will also be less labour intensive when scaled up. This would improve developing intermediate fermentation scale-up so that the conversion to an efficient large-scale fermentation technology will be an easy task.

Graft modification of cellulose: Methods, properties and applications

“…The discovery of cellulose goes back to 1838, when cellulose was first discovered and isolated by Anselme Payen. Cellulose have been extensively studied [1], including its biosynthesis [2,3], structure analysis [4e10], chemical modification [11], regeneration of cellulosic materials [12e14], applications in various fields [15,16]. Cellulose is one of the key research subjects during the foundation of polymer science.…”

Production of Bacterial Cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum through Utilizing Acetic Acid Hydrolysate of Bagasse as Low-cost Carbon Source

“…These efforts include the species and genetic modification of the bacteria used, feedstock type and composition, and the type of reactor used for production (Shi et al 2014). The cost of feedstock normally accounts for as high as 50 to 65% of the total cost of production, and thus it is essential to develop low-cost carbon sources (Thompson and Hamilton 2001;Sani and Dahman 2010). Some relatively cheap agricultural products or waste, such as food process effluents, molasses, konjak glucomannan, and fruit juices, have been developed as cost-effective feedstocks for BC production; the use of these products simultaneously reduces environmental issues related to waste disposal (Sasithorn 2008;Kurosumi et al 2009;Faranak et al 2015).…”

Optically transparent nanocomposites reinforced with modified biocellulose nanofibers

“…Nanocomposite materials with components less than one‐tenth of a wavelength in size (i.e., 0.1 nm) do not scatter light and are acceptable for a variety of optical devices applications. Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a nanofibrous material that can be produced by certain strains of Acetobacter including Acetobacter xylinum with a diameter of less than 50 nm and a high degree of crystallinity 1, 2. It is a linear polymer of glucose linked by β‐(1‐4)‐glycosidic linkages that is similar to plant‐based cellulose in chemical structure and has a high degree of polymerization of 2000–6000 compared to 300–700 reported for plant‐derived cellulose 1–3.…”