“…Nevertheless, production of TNF-␣ and NO is considered as functional markers of M1 macrophages [40]. Moreover, it has been reported that IL-6 and IFN-␥ promote M1 macrophage differentiation, while IL-10 and TGF- have been shown to promote M2 type of macrophages [36,13,40]. We observed that PPZ-treated tumor cells showed a declined production of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF- with an elevation of IL-6 and IFN-␥ in the culture supernatant of tumor cells, thus such alteration of the tumor microenvironment may favor polarization of M1 macrophages.…”