Improved production of phleichrome from the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei using synthetic inducers and photodynamic ROS production by phleichrome

Identification of a Polyketide Synthase Gene in the Synthesis of Phleichrome of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Cladosporium phlei

“…Cladosporium phlei (ATCC 36193) was stored in the form of frozen agar plugs containing actively growing young hyphae in 5% DMSO solution at −70°C and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) as described previously ( Lee et al, 2007 ). Culture conditions and methods for phleichrome induction using 150 μM cyclo -( l -Pro- l -Phe) have been described previously ( So et al, 2015 ). Details of the chemical synthesis of the cyclo -( l -Phe- l -Pro) inducer are provided in our previous study ( So et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Culture conditions and methods for phleichrome induction using 150 μM cyclo -( l -Pro- l -Phe) have been described previously ( So et al, 2015 ). Details of the chemical synthesis of the cyclo -( l -Phe- l -Pro) inducer are provided in our previous study ( So et al, 2015 ). Mycelia on cellophane membranes overlaying agar plates were collected and lyophilized as described previously, and stored until use ( So et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Details of the chemical synthesis of the cyclo -( l -Phe- l -Pro) inducer are provided in our previous study ( So et al, 2015 ). Mycelia on cellophane membranes overlaying agar plates were collected and lyophilized as described previously, and stored until use ( So et al, 2015 ). All chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA), unless otherwise specified.…”

“…Among perylenequinones, the photodynamic activity of phleichrome has been studied in detail ( Olivo and Chin, 2006 ), and it has been used as a pharmacophore to produce various derivatives ( Du and Maunder, 2010 ). In our previous studies, we established a culture system ( Lee et al, 2007 ), genetic manipulation protocol ( Kim et al, 2009 ), and inducer supplementation protocol for mass production of phleichrome ( So et al, 2015 ) from C. phlei . However, the gene responsible for the synthesis of phleichrome has yet to be determined.…”

Antimicrobial and Antitumor Photodynamic Effects of Phleichrome from the Phytopathogenic Fungus Cladosporium Phlei

“…Phleichrome, a fungal perylenequinone with photodynamic activity, has been isolated from the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium phlei . Phleichrome has a structure of 1,12-bis-(2-hydoxypropyl)-2,6,7,11-tetramethoxy-4,9-dihydroxyperylene-3,10-quinone, a derivative of 4,9-dihydroxy-3,10-quinone, and the spectrum of phleichrome has absorption maxima at 226, 260, 274, 474, 540, and 584 nm [6,7]. In our previous study, we reported that phleichrome converted oxygen into reactive oxygen species (ROS) when illuminated [7].…”