“…In spectrum BaMoO 4 /ZnO-GO, a similar trend was observed for bands BaMoO 4 /ZnO. Furthermore, the bonds for C O carboxyl or carbonyl groups, C C stretching vibration, O—H stretching vibration, C—O—C, -C—H bending vibration were located at wavenumbers of 1730, 1627, 1399, 1078, 614 cm −1 , which demonstrates the successful introduction of graphite oxide [73] , [74] , [75] . Fig.…”
“…In spectrum BaMoO 4 /ZnO-GO, a similar trend was observed for bands BaMoO 4 /ZnO. Furthermore, the bonds for C O carboxyl or carbonyl groups, C C stretching vibration, O—H stretching vibration, C—O—C, -C—H bending vibration were located at wavenumbers of 1730, 1627, 1399, 1078, 614 cm −1 , which demonstrates the successful introduction of graphite oxide [73] , [74] , [75] . Fig.…”
“…Nanomaterials, such as zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, Fe 3 O 4 , and MgO, are highly efficient in removing pollutants owing to their small crystal size and great BET surface area [27][28][29][30]. The Pechini sol-gel method has succeeded in obtaining many nanomaterials such as Li 2 B 4 O 7 /NiO/Ni 3 (BO 3 ) 2 nanocomposites, SiO 2 , MgO, Cu 2 O/Li 3 BO 3 nanocomposites, Fe 2 O 3 , and MgO/Y 2 O 3 [31][32][33][34][35]. In this method, chelates are formed between cations and hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid.…”
In this work, amorphous and crystalline novel products based on Zr, Mg, and Mn were facilely fabricated through the Pechini sol–gel procedure using inexpensive chemicals and an uncomplicated apparatus. Also, these products showed high efficiency as novel adsorbents in getting rid of basic fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent, which was fabricated before calcination, was abbreviated as KE. In addition, the adsorbents, which were created at 500 and 700 °C, were designated as KE500 and KE700, respectively. The created adsorbents were characterized using high-level transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption analyzer, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The XRD showed that the KE adsorbent is amorphous, whereas the KE500 and KE700 adsorbents are mixtures of ZrO2, MgMn2O4, and Mg(Mg0.333Mn1.333)O4 nanostructures. The HR-TEM exhibited that the KE adsorbent consists of very fine irregular shapes, whereas the KE500 adsorbent contains quasi-spherical particles with a mean diameter of 45.16 nm. Furthermore, the HR-TEM exhibited that the KE700 adsorbent consists of polyhedral shapes with a mean diameter of 76.28 nm. Furthermore, the BET surface area of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is 67.85, 20.15, and 13.60 m2/g, respectively. Additionally, the elimination of basic fuchsin dye by the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is exothermic, physical in nature, and follows the pseudo-first-order as well as Langmuir equations. Further, the maximum uptake capabilities of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents toward basic fuchsin dye are 239.81, 174.83, and 93.19 mg/g, respectively.
“…However, the Pechini method has been noted as one of the most promising methodologies for obtaining heterogeneous catalysts because it requires low cost and the use of mild temperatures, as well as being considered a simple process [22]. The basic procedure of the synthesis consists of the formation of a polymeric resin in which the cations are homogeneously dispersed through a reaction between a polycarboxylic acid (such as citric acid), metal ions, and a polyol [23][24][25][26]. Ethylene glycol is commonly used as a polymerizing agent in the Pechini method [22,27].…”
Cerium oxide (Ce100), molybdenum oxide (Mo100), and a material containing Ce and Mo (CeMo) were synthesized by the Pechini method, using glycerol as a polyol. These materials were applied for fructose conversion in an aqueous medium. The characterization results show the formation of cerium molybdate (Ce2(MoO4)3) for CeMo. Ce100 presented good thermal stability, and Mo100 sublimation of MoO3 and polymolybdates was verified. CeMo exhibited a mass loss of 19%, associated with the sublimation of MoO3 and polymolybdate species. Additionally, the existence of Bronsted and Lewis acid sites was confirmed, and the addition of Mo to Ce was an efficient strategy to increase the acidity. Regarding the catalytic activity (150 °C and 0.5 to 6 h), Ce100 exhibited low conversions and high selectivity to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). For Mo100, high conversions, with a significant formation of insoluble materials, were detected. For CeMo, beyond the high activity, a lower formation of insoluble materials was noted. In this case, selectivity toward products from the retro–aldolic route and 5-HMF were obtained. These results indicate that the main factor influencing fructose conversion is an adequate combination of the acid sites. Recycling experiments were carried out, and stability was observed for four cycles, confirming the robustness of this system.
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