Efficient Disposal of Basic Fuchsin Dye from Aqueous Media Using ZrO2/MgMn2O4/Mg(Mg0.333Mn1.333)O4 as a Novel and Facilely Synthesized Nanocomposite

Abstract

In this work, amorphous and crystalline novel products based on Zr, Mg, and Mn were facilely fabricated through the Pechini sol–gel procedure using inexpensive chemicals and an uncomplicated apparatus. Also, these products showed high efficiency as novel adsorbents in getting rid of basic fuchsin dye from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent, which was fabricated before calcination, was abbreviated as KE. In addition, the adsorbents, which were created at 500 and 700 °C, were designated as KE500 and KE700, respectively. The created adsorbents were characterized using high-level transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), N2 adsorption/desorption analyzer, and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The XRD showed that the KE adsorbent is amorphous, whereas the KE500 and KE700 adsorbents are mixtures of ZrO2, MgMn2O4, and Mg(Mg0.333Mn1.333)O4 nanostructures. The HR-TEM exhibited that the KE adsorbent consists of very fine irregular shapes, whereas the KE500 adsorbent contains quasi-spherical particles with a mean diameter of 45.16 nm. Furthermore, the HR-TEM exhibited that the KE700 adsorbent consists of polyhedral shapes with a mean diameter of 76.28 nm. Furthermore, the BET surface area of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is 67.85, 20.15, and 13.60 m2/g, respectively. Additionally, the elimination of basic fuchsin dye by the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents is exothermic, physical in nature, and follows the pseudo-first-order as well as Langmuir equations. Further, the maximum uptake capabilities of the KE, KE500, and KE700 adsorbents toward basic fuchsin dye are 239.81, 174.83, and 93.19 mg/g, respectively.

Calcium Ferrite Nanoparticles: A Simple Synthesis Approach for the Effective Disposal of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Environments

“…The disposal percentage of Congo red dye (% R) and the adsorption capacity of the CaFe 2 O 4 adsorbent (Q, mg/g) were determined utilizing Equations ( 1) and ( 2), respectively [14][15][16][30][31][32][33][34].…”

“…Hence, various chemical, microbiological, and physical methods, including photodegradation, chemical oxidation/precipitation, coagulation, microbiological degradation, and adsorption, have been employed to purify wastewater contaminated with dyes [9][10][11][12][13]. Among the numerous methods for treating dye contamination, adsorption stands out as a highly efficient technique, owing to the abundance of available adsorbents, its ease of operation, costeffectiveness, and superior efficiency [14][15][16]. A diverse range of adsorbents, including activated carbon, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, and polymers, have been investigated for the removal of dyes from aqueous media [17][18][19][20].…”

Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Congo Red Dye Using Facilely Synthesized and Characterized MgAl2O4 Nanoparticles

“…Global industrialization including refineries, textiles, paper manufacturing, leather processing, plastic production, and chemicals has employed diverse organic dyes, resulting in the release of substantial amounts of harmful substances into the environment. − It is common for approximately 30–40% of these organic dyes to endure in wastewater. − Moreover, the presence of these organic dyes inhibits photosynthesis and contributes to various significant health problems for the human populace. − To tackle these issues, it is crucial to treat wastewater produced by these sectors before discharging it. Various chemical and physical methods, including coagulation, adsorption, membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and photocatalysis, have been used to remove organic dyes from wastewater. − Among these strategies, semiconductor photocatalysis has emerged as a notably efficient method for addressing wastewater pollution. This eco-friendly, cost-effective, low-energy, and sustainable treatment approach has proven its effectiveness. , Spinel-type oxides are being recognized as promising photocatalysts with applications in the degradation of organic dyes and hydrogen production.…”

“…Zinc gallate (ZnGa 2 O 4 ), copper gallate (CuGa 2 O 4 ), zinc ferrite (ZnFe 2 O 4 ), copper aluminate (CuAl 2 O 4 ), nickel ferrite (NiFe 2 O 4 ), calcium bismuthate (CaBi 2 O 4 ), and barium chromate (BaCr 2 O 4 ) are among these oxides. They display exceptional performance in breaking down organic dyes and aiding in hydrogen generation, thanks to their distinct characteristics, such as narrow bandgaps and high catalytic efficiency. − Many techniques have been reported in the literature for producing nanosized spinel structures, which encompass Pechini sol–gel, sol–gel, microemulsion, coprecipitation, combustion, and sonochemical methods. ,− The Pechini sol–gel technique offers precise control over the composition, size, structure, and uniformity of the resulting product. − The spinel compound known as magnesium aluminate, with the chemical formula MgAl 2 O 4 , is frequently encountered. Its versatility has led to growing interest in multiple domains, including microwave dielectrics, refractory materials, humidity sensors, ceramic capacitors, structural materials for fusion reactors, and catalysis .…”

“… 5 , 33 − 42 The Pechini sol–gel technique offers precise control over the composition, size, structure, and uniformity of the resulting product. 18 − 23 The spinel compound known as magnesium aluminate, with the chemical formula MgAl 2 O 4 , is frequently encountered. Its versatility has led to growing interest in multiple domains, including microwave dielectrics, refractory materials, humidity sensors, ceramic capacitors, structural materials for fusion reactors, and catalysis.…”