Improved Efficiency of Red Mud Processing through Scandium Oxide Recovery

Petrakova, O. V.; Panov, А. V.; Gorbachev, Sergey N.; Klimentenok, Gennadiy N.; Perestoronin, Aleksey V.; Vishnyakov, Sergey E.; Anashkin, Vyacheslav S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_17

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Some of the bauxite residues contain a higher scandium concentration so they can be treated as scandium resources. According to Laverenchuk, bauxites contain 70 % of total scandium in forecast reserves [35]. In Table 3, scandium concentrations in bauxite residues from different origins are shown.…”

Section: Scandium In Bauxite Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large quantities of scandium could be produced from bauxite residue, which could decrease the price of scandium and increase the availability of scandium for many applications. For example, RUSAL's alumina refineries annually stockpile about 2 million tons of bauxite residue, which contain in total about 480 tons of scandium [35], whereas Aluminum of Greece generates 0.7 million tons of bauxite residue every year that contain in total about 90 tons of scandium.…”

Section: Scandium In Bauxite Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4. About 26 % of scandium could be recovered at 60°C with p CO2 being 6 atm and a liquid-tosolid ratio of 4 [35,55]. Due to the absence of silica gel formation and other metal dissolution, such a low liquid-tosolid ratio is feasible.…”

Section: Leaching With Alkali (Hydrogen) Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery of Rare Earths and Other Valuable Metals From Bauxite Residue (Red Mud): A Review

Gerven

Blanpain

Pontikes

et al. 2016

J. Sustain. Metall.

261

140

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The long-term storage of bauxite residue (red mud) is harmful to the environment and the tailing ponds also cover large areas. At the moment there is no largescale utilization of bauxite residue. However, some bauxite residues contain considerable concentrations of rare-earth elements (REEs) and the recovery of these REEs together with(out) other metals and utilization of the generated residue in other applications (e.g., building materials) can solve the storage problem of bauxite residue. This paper reviews the recovery of REEs, possibly alongside other valuable metals, from bauxite residue. REEs can be recovered from bauxite residue by direct leaching or by smelting followed by leaching. The main disadvantages of direct acid leaching are the consumption of large amounts of acid for neutralization, the handling of large volumes of effluents, and the difficulty in using the bauxite residue after leaching. Recovery of iron prior to leaching can improve the economics of the process. However, high alumina in the bauxite residue increases the flux and acid consumption. Therefore, alumina needs to be removed by alkali roasting prior to smelting in order to decrease the flux and acid consumption. The alkali roasting-smeltingleaching process allows recovery of aluminum, iron, titanium, and REEs from bauxite residue. The residue generated in this process can be used in building materials and cementitious binders. Other processes with commercial potential are the Orbite, the pressure leaching, and the acid baking processes.

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Section: Scandium In Bauxite Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scandium In Bauxite Residuementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovery of Rare Earths and Other Valuable Metals From Bauxite Residue (Red Mud): A Review

Gerven

Blanpain

Pontikes

et al. 2016

J. Sustain. Metall.

261

140

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“…As alternative reagents for selective extraction of Sc, Zr and some other valuable metals from RM, aqueous solutions of Na2CO3, NaHCO3 or their mixtures are proposed. Scientific foundations of carbonate processes of Sc extraction from RM were developed by employees of ISSC RAS UB (Russia) [28] and subsequently developed by some researchers [29][30][31][32][33]. The use of acids provides a high degree and ease of extraction of REEs from all types of RM due to the high content of compounds Fe, Al, Ca and Ti, which are relatively easily decompose in acidic solutions releasing valuable components.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgical Reprocessing Of Red Mudmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current key options for management of industrial alkaline waste of alumina production (red mud)

et al. 2021

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Due to the ever-increasing demand of the world economy for aluminum, its alloys and compounds, the production of this metal is increasing annually throughout the world. This leads to an increase in the industrial production of alumina, which is obtained from bauxite ore in the Bayer process. After recovering the bulk of the aluminum from the bauxite ore, there remains a residue which is highly alkaline toxic waste, which is also called bauxite residues (tailings) or red mud (RM). About 140-150 million tons of RM are produced annually and almost 4 billion tons have already been accumulated. At the moment, the problem of RM recycling and the development of effective and cost-effective approaches to their reprocessing is extremely urgent. Reducing RM affects economic, environmental, social areas and is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of nature and society. Despite active scientific research and efforts to develop and optimize various methods for RM recycling and reprocessing, the problem of an annual increase in their volumes around the world remains unresolved. Recently, promising and efficient processes have been proposed that allows for the complex reprocessing of RM with the extraction of a number of valuable liquid products that may be in demand in various fields of industry. This allows to focus on large-scale disposal of RM and can be a solution to the problem of handling these industrial wastes. The article considers the main current trends in the field of management of various types of RM with a focus on complex reprocessing and zero waste concepts.

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“…major minerals present are calcite, perovskite, illite, hematite and magnetite. 81 A typical order of elemental abundance within the bauxite residue would typically be Fe > Al > Si∼Ti > Ca > Na, 75 these elements being present as oxides (Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , CaO and Na 2 O) (for a review, see 12 ). However, comparatively little data are available on the content of CRMs in bauxite residues (Table 1).…”

Section: Bauxite Residue Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐using bauxite residues: benefits beyond (critical raw) material recovery

Ujaczki

Feigl

Molnár

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

102

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Since the world economy has been confronted with an increasing risk of supply shortages of critical raw materials (CRMs), there has been a major interest in identifying alternative secondary sources of CRMs. Bauxite residues from alumina production are available at a multi‐million tonnes scale worldwide. So far, attempts have been made to find alternative re‐use applications for bauxite residues, for instance in cement / pig iron production. However, bauxite residues also constitute an untapped secondary source of CRMs. Depending on their geological origin and processing protocol, bauxite residues can contain considerable amounts of valuable elements. The obvious primary consideration for CRM recovery from such residues is the economic value of the materials contained. However, there are further benefits from re‐use of bauxite residues in general, and from CRM recovery in particular. These go beyond monetary values (e.g. reduced investment / operational costs resulting from savings in disposal). For instance, benefits for the environment and health can be achieved by abatement of tailing storage as well as by reduction of emissions from conventional primary mining. Whereas certain tools (e.g. life‐cycle analysis) can be used to quantify the latter, other benefits (in particular sustained social and technological development) are harder to quantify. This review evaluates strategies of bauxite residue re‐use / recycling and identifies associated benefits beyond elemental recovery. Furthermore, methodologies to translate risks and benefits into quantifiable data are discussed. Ultimately, such quantitative data are a prerequisite for facilitating decision‐making regarding bauxite residue re‐use / recycling and a stepping stone towards developing a zero‐waste alumina production process. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Improved Efficiency of Red Mud Processing through Scandium Oxide Recovery

Cited by 12 publications

References 1 publication

Recovery of Rare Earths and Other Valuable Metals From Bauxite Residue (Red Mud): A Review

Recovery of Rare Earths and Other Valuable Metals From Bauxite Residue (Red Mud): A Review

Current key options for management of industrial alkaline waste of alumina production (red mud)

Re‐using bauxite residues: benefits beyond (critical raw) material recovery

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