“… where was the flow stress, a constant, the shear modulus, the Taylor factor, the Burgess vector, and the average dislocation density. In the recovery stage, the dislocation density increment ( ) could be described by the contradicting effects of the strain hardening ( ) which was caused by dislocation pile-ups and cross-slip, and the softening ( ) by creep and dynamic recovery dislocation annihilations by the Kocks-Mecking (KM) model [ 16 ]: where was dislocation increment by strain hardening, and was dislocation decrement by dynamic recovery, which followed [ 25 , 26 ]: where was the initial grain size, and coefficients, and the effective plastic strain increment. It was argued by researchers [ 27 , 28 ] that the dislocation-free recrystallized nuclei began to form and grow at grain boundaries under the driving force of grain boundary curvature and dislocations during dynamic recrystallization.…”