“…On imaging, both HSV encephalitis and autoimmune limbic encephalitis show T2/FLAIR hyperintensities of the medial temporal lobes with or without associated enhancement, with possible extension into other limbic structures such as the insula, cingulate gyrus, and orbitofrontal cortices (Figure 8A,B,D,E). Restricted diffusion (Figure 8C,F) and hemorrhage in these regions favor HSV as they are typically absent in autoimmune encephalitis 103,104 . Additionally, autoimmune encephalitis frequently involves the basal ganglia, while HSV encephalitis characteristically spares the basal ganglia 5 …”