Improved antimicrobial effect of ginseng extract by heat transformation

Abstract

BackgroundThe incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22–50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported.MethodsCrude saponins extracted from the Panax quinquefolius leaf-stem (AGS) were treated at 130°C for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). Five ginsenoside-enriched fractions (HTS-1, HTS-2, HTS-3, HTS-4, and HTS-5) and less polar ginsenosides were separated by HP-20 resin absorption and HPLC, and the antimicrobial activity and mechanism were investigated.ResultsHPLC with diode-array detection analysis revealed that heat treatment induced an extensive conversion of polar ginsenosides (-Rg1/Re, -Rc, -Rb2, and -Rd) to less polar compounds (-Rg2, -Rg3, -Rg6, -F4, -Rg5, and -Rk1). The antimicrobial assays showed that HTS, HTS-3, and HTS-4 were effective at inhibiting the growth of F. nucleatum, C. perfringens, and P. gingivalis. Ginsenosides-Rg5 showed the best antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. One major reason for this result is that less polar ginsenosides can more easily damage membrane integrity.ConclusionThe results indicated that the less polar ginsenoside-enriched fraction from heat transformation can be used as an antibacterial agent to control halitosis.

Reducing the damage of quinoa saponins on human gastric mucosal cells by a heating process

“…As Figure g shows, Qc loses one molecular glucose at the position of C‐3 and is converted to Qd, and then finally transformed to Qf. Unlike the thermal degradation of saponins in ginseng, polar ginsenosides could transform into less polar ginsenosides upon heating (Xue et al, ). Conversion of the quinoa saponin may be related to the enzymes present in bran, which is similar to the Oenning's study (Oenning, Juillerat, Fay, & Asp, ).…”

Antifungal activity and mechanism of heat-transformed ginsenosides from notoginseng against Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes

“…The preparation of less polar ginsenoside was performed according to the previous report with slight modication. 29 NS was heated in an MLS-3750 autoclave (Sanyo, Osaka, Japan) at 130 C for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). HTS was loaded onto a LH-20 column and sequentially eluted with water and 95% methanol about three BV, respectively.…”

“…The analysis of less polar ginsenoside was performed according to the previous report with slight modication. 29 Chromatographic analysis for the ginsenosides was performed using a SHIMADZU Prominence LC-20A HPLC instrument (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a YMC-Pack ODS-AM column (4.6 mm  250 mm, YMC Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan). The detection wavelength was set at 202 nm.…”

“…HPLC preparation of less ginsenosides was performed according to the analytical method. 29 The mobile phase was composed of water (A) and acetonitrile (B). The collected samples were evaporated under vacuum, lyophilized, and then stored at 4 C.…”

Anti‐acne properties of hydrophobic fraction of red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and its active components

“…*** Significantly different from control group (p < 0.001). RGEF: hydrophobic fraction of RGE Also, based on the previous studies of the antimicrobial effect(Sung & Lee, 2008;Xue, Yao, Yang, Feng, & Ren, 2017) of red ginseng, saponins were identified as an effective ingredient having a pharmacological effect. However, this study demonstrated that red-ginsengderived polyacetylenes, in particular, panaxynol and panaxydol, have antimicrobial activities against P. acnes.…”