Importance of food quantity to structural growth rate and neutral lipid reserves accumulated in Calanus finmarchicus

Hygum, Bent Hansen; Rey, Catherine; Hansen, Benni Winding; Tande, Kurt S.

doi:10.1007/s002270000292

Cited by 57 publications

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“…If second-year females were present during the bloom, they must have been spawning, considering that 100% of the females present were spawning. The lipid content during post-bloom was, however, somewhat lower compared to findings in Kongsfjorden during August and September (Scott et al 2000).For Calanus hyperboreus, the high carbon increase between pre-and post-bloom conditions could not be explained by an increase in prosome length but rather from the total lipid content since lipid is ~80% carbon (Jónasdóttir 1999, Hygum et al 2000. This was also indicated by the increasing C:N ratio.…”

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confidence: 62%

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Grazing, egg production, and biochemical evidence of differences in the life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland

Swalethorp¹,

Kjellerup²,

Dünweber³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

105

121

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This is the first high temporal-resolution study in Disko Bay covering population dynamics, grazing, reproduction, and biochemical composition of 3 dominating copepod species (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus) from late winter to midsummer in 2008. C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis ascended to the surface layer at the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom, followed by C. hyperboreus 2 wk later. C. finmarchicus spawning occurred during the bloom and postbloom period, partially fueled by wax esters. C. glacialis commenced spawning before the bloom, yet it was greatly stimulated when food became available. However, feeding and reproduction was terminated after the main bloom despite the presence of food. In terms of feeding, this was also the strategy for C. hyperboreus. Between pre-bloom and post-bloom, C. finmarchicus showed an increase in carbon, nitrogen, and phospholipid content but a decrease in total lipid content. This was likely the result of protein synthesis, oocyte maturation, and spawning fueled by wax esters and by feeding. C. glacialis showed a similar pattern, although with an increasing total lipid content from pre-bloom to post-bloom, and an increasing wax ester and decreasing phospholipid content after reproduction was terminated. C. hyperboreus showed greatly increased content of carbon, nitrogen, and all lipid classes between the pre-and post-bloom periods. Hence, C. finmarchicus commenced feeding and spawning at the onset of the bloom and continued throughout the remaining study period. Both C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus females refueled their storage lipids (wax esters) during the bloom and post-bloom period, suggesting that they may spawn in an additional year. KEY WORDS:Calanus spp. · Distribution · Egg production · Fecal pellet production · Carbon conversion factors · Lipids · Spring bloom Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 429: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144] 2011 ice cover (Hansen et al. 2006) influences the timing of the diatom-dominated spring bloom ). Local ice melting and runoff from the glacier at Ilulissat creates a strong stratification and an outflow of low-saline water leaving the bay (Nielsen & Hansen 1995, Buch 2000. Future increase in temperature will reduce the extent of the ice cover, promote stratification, and probably make the timing and duration of the bloom more predictable. However, wind is also an important factor in determining the onset of the bloom. Lack of sea ice can, in situations with prevailing winds, destabilize the water column and hence postpone the bloom (Melle & Skjoldal 1998).Copepods of the genus Calanus are the primary herbivores in Arctic pelagic ecosystems during spring and summer (Hirche & Mumm 1992, Nielsen & Hansen 1995, Thibault et al. 1999. Calanus spp. is an important prey item for many species of fish, birds, and whales (Dale & Kaartvedt 2000, Kitaysky & Golubova 2000. C. finmar...

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confidence: 62%

“…For Calanus hyperboreus, the high carbon increase between pre-and post-bloom conditions could not be explained by an increase in prosome length but rather from the total lipid content since lipid is ~80% carbon (Jónasdóttir 1999, Hygum et al 2000. This was also indicated by the increasing C:N ratio.…”

Section: Biomass and Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Grazing, egg production, and biochemical evidence of differences in the life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland

Swalethorp¹,

Kjellerup²,

Dünweber³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

105

121

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“…The same correlations were found for dry weight (DW) and prosome length (Viitasalo et al 1995;Hirst and Lampitt 1998), food concentration (Koski et al 1998) and predator abundance (Wahlstroem et al 2000). The energy (lipid) content also varies during the season and depends on food availability (Cripps and Hill 1998;Nanton and Castel 1999;Hygum et al 2000). Lipid storage is especially important for polar copepod species, increasing over the course of the growing season in preparation for winter diapause (Bathmann et al 1993;Kosobokova 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Thus, tropical species (Acartia sinjiensis) have low lipid content (from 11 to 26% from DW), whereas the same parameter for Arctic copepods (Calanus glacialis, Metridia longa) varies from 37 to 54% (Lee 1975a;McKinnon et al 2003). Diapausing copepods, which enter deep waters after feeding on phytoplankton during spring/ summer blooms or at the end of upwelling periods, are characterized by large oil sacs Wlled with wax esters (WEs; Hygum et al 2000), which in turn could be utilized during starvation (Lee 1975b). The thermal expansion and compressibility of these WEs may allow copepods in diapause to be neutrally buoyant in cold deep waters, reducing energy costs to remain at these depths (Lee et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation strategies of copepods (superfamily Centropagoidea) in the White Sea (66°N)

2008

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Seasonal dynamics of major biochemical features were studied for three abundant egg-diapausing copepods Acartia biWlosa, Centropages hamatus and Temora longicornis, in the White Sea (66°N), between June 2002 and September 2002. Dry weight (DW) and prosome length varied from 0.54 g ind ¡1 and 0.163 § 0.012 mm (A. biWlosa, CI) to 9.58 § 0.72 g ind ¡1 and 1.135 § 0.167 mm (C. hamatus, females). C org and N org content reached up to 5.91 § 0.44 and 1.23 § 0.09 g ind ¡1 (C. hamatus, females). Protein and lipid content varied greatly from 31.8 to 67.3% DW and from 8.7 to 42.6% DW, respectively. These species show somewhat diVerent biology compared to species at lower latitudes. The copepods use lipid stores to survive during short-term food shortage (e.g. in autumn) and successfully complete their life cycle. In the isolated White Sea during last post-glacial period, species probably evolved some special biochemical features (especially wax esters presence). Food quality demands and long ice coverage are possible factors limiting early development of species in spring.

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“…Finally, generation time from CI to adults in Calanus euxinus during winter-spring homothermy should not be less than 50 d. If we add to this value the duration of development of eggs and nauplii amounting to 16 d at (n) C. pacificus, 8°C (Vidal 1980b); (m) C. finmarchicus, 8°C (Fransz & van Arkel, 1980); (j) C. finmarchicus, 8°C (Carlotti et al 1993); (h) C. finmarchicus, 10°C (Harris et al 2000); (e) C. finmarchicus, 5.1 to 8.3°C (Hygum et al 2000); (s) C. finmarchicus, 8°C (Campbell et al 2001); (r) C. helgolandicus, April, the North Sea (Kattner & Krause, 1987) 8°C (Corkett et al 1986, Campbell et al 2001, total development time for C. euxinus will be about 66 d, in contrast to 43.6 and 32 to 46 d in C. finmarchicus (Corkett et al 1986), Campbell et al 2001). However, the development time in C. euxinus may be underestimated because we have included in our calculation absolute growth rates which are close to maximum net growth efficiency for preadult and adult copepods (Ikeda et al 2001).…”

Section: Reconstruction Of Growth In Body Weight and Estimation Of Stmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Calanus euxinus during spring cold homothermy in the Black Sea

Svetlichny¹,

Yuneva²,

Hubareva³

et al. 2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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In copepodites and adults of Calanus euxinus abundance, body length and weight, chemical composition and respiration rate in relation to age were studied during the cruise of R/V 'Knorr' in April 2003 in the southwestern Black Sea and in laboratory experiments. Data on morphology and physiology of C. euxinus collected during other seasons were also used in comparative analyses. At high concentrations of the diatom Proboscia alata during spring homothermy (6.8 to 8.5°C) C. euxinus did not undertake diel vertical migrations to the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The majority of the population was located above the OMZ, feeding on phytoplankton during nighttime and daytime whilst nearly 10% of copepodite stages IV and V (CIV and CV) and adults remained constantly in the OMZ. Although a diapausing stock of the population began to form in the OMZ, the majority of CV developed without diapause. The development times of copepodite stages at 8°C were determined on the basis of field observations of ontogenetic changes in carbon content and calculated absolute growth rates. Development time from CI to CV amounted to 22 d. In CV the time for lipid deposition from 0.008 ± 0.007 mm 3 in postmolts up to a maximum volume of 0.165 ± 0.054 mm 3 in intermolts constituted 26 d. The total generation time from eggs to adults is not less than about 66 d. KEY WORDS: Calanus euxinus · Lipid storage · Respiration · Growth · Black Sea · Spring cold · HomothermyResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Mar Ecol Prog Ser 374: 199-213, 2009 other hypothesis, Calanus, like other 'boreal relicts', entered the Black Sea when it was connected with the North Sea across Europe during the period of retreating glaciers (Zaitsev 2006). This is in agreement with the results of Papadopoulos et al. (2005) suggesting that the divergences between the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea C. helgolandicus populations are much older than the estimated dates of colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. However, according to Polischuk (1984) the last connection between the North and Black Seas could have been in the Late Holocene (2800 to 2700 BP).Calanus euxinus is a dominant component of the zooplankton biomass in the Rim Current system of the Black Sea. The ecology of this species differs significantly from that of C. helgolandicus in other European seas due to the characteristics of the basin.Calanus helgolandicus typically inhabits saline waters (32 to 39 ‰) with temperatures of 9 to 20°C. This wide range is mainly due to seasonal variation; the temperature does not range widely between populations. Seasonal changes in abundance of C. helgolandicus are positively correlated with temperature (Bonnet et al. 2005) and food availability (Rey-Rassat et al. 2004). Overwintering C. helgolandicus descend to deep water and are separated spatially from the part of the population that develops in surface layers.In contrast, Calanus euxinus has adapted to the low salinity of the Black Sea waters (18...

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Importance of food quantity to structural growth rate and neutral lipid reserves accumulated in Calanus finmarchicus

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Grazing, egg production, and biochemical evidence of differences in the life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland

Grazing, egg production, and biochemical evidence of differences in the life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus in Disko Bay, western Greenland

Adaptation strategies of copepods (superfamily Centropagoidea) in the White Sea (66°N)

Development of Calanus euxinus during spring cold homothermy in the Black Sea

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