Fat content (as % of total body wet wt) of the sprat Sprattus sprattus phalericus in the Black Sea was determined annually during the peak feeding period (i.e. summer) between 1960 and 2001. Interannual variations of this characteristic were quite high (from 8.0 to 16.0%). Sprat fat content can be used as an indicator of food supply (or recent feeding history). In the Black Sea, different periods could be distinguished with respect to food supply of this species: Period I (1960 to 1964) with stable sprat fat content values of 11.2 to 13.7%; Period II (1965II ( to 1972
In copepodites and adults of Calanus euxinus abundance, body length and weight, chemical composition and respiration rate in relation to age were studied during the cruise of R/V 'Knorr' in April 2003 in the southwestern Black Sea and in laboratory experiments. Data on morphology and physiology of C. euxinus collected during other seasons were also used in comparative analyses. At high concentrations of the diatom Proboscia alata during spring homothermy (6.8 to 8.5°C) C. euxinus did not undertake diel vertical migrations to the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). The majority of the population was located above the OMZ, feeding on phytoplankton during nighttime and daytime whilst nearly 10% of copepodite stages IV and V (CIV and CV) and adults remained constantly in the OMZ. Although a diapausing stock of the population began to form in the OMZ, the majority of CV developed without diapause. The development times of copepodite stages at 8°C were determined on the basis of field observations of ontogenetic changes in carbon content and calculated absolute growth rates. Development time from CI to CV amounted to 22 d. In CV the time for lipid deposition from 0.008 ± 0.007 mm 3 in postmolts up to a maximum volume of 0.165 ± 0.054 mm 3 in intermolts constituted 26 d. The total generation time from eggs to adults is not less than about 66 d.
KEY WORDS: Calanus euxinus · Lipid storage · Respiration · Growth · Black Sea · Spring cold · HomothermyResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Mar Ecol Prog Ser 374: 199-213, 2009 other hypothesis, Calanus, like other 'boreal relicts', entered the Black Sea when it was connected with the North Sea across Europe during the period of retreating glaciers (Zaitsev 2006). This is in agreement with the results of Papadopoulos et al. (2005) suggesting that the divergences between the northeastern Atlantic, Mediterranean and Black Sea C. helgolandicus populations are much older than the estimated dates of colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Seas. However, according to Polischuk (1984) the last connection between the North and Black Seas could have been in the Late Holocene (2800 to 2700 BP).Calanus euxinus is a dominant component of the zooplankton biomass in the Rim Current system of the Black Sea. The ecology of this species differs significantly from that of C. helgolandicus in other European seas due to the characteristics of the basin.Calanus helgolandicus typically inhabits saline waters (32 to 39 ‰) with temperatures of 9 to 20°C. This wide range is mainly due to seasonal variation; the temperature does not range widely between populations. Seasonal changes in abundance of C. helgolandicus are positively correlated with temperature (Bonnet et al. 2005) and food availability (Rey-Rassat et al. 2004). Overwintering C. helgolandicus descend to deep water and are separated spatially from the part of the population that develops in surface layers.In contrast, Calanus euxinus has adapted to the low salinity of the Black Sea waters (18...
ABSTRACT-The content and composition oi lipids in Calanus euxinus females were studied in cyclonic and anticyclonic regions in the southern Black Sea during the period of persistent density stratification (September 1996). The lipid content of C. euxinus from cyclonic regions was greater than of individuals from anticyclonic regions (average 101.9 and 58.8 pg ind.-l, respectively). Total lipid content (mainly wax esters, 70 to 72 %, and triacylglycerols, 8 to 13 %) of female C. euxinus was correlated with chlorophyll a (chl a) (mean integrated concentration) (r = 0.92, p 0.005). The high correlation with chl a was shown also for wax ester content, used as a long-term index of food supply (r = 0.89, p < 0.05).The correlation between triacylglycerol content (a short-term index) and chl a was not significant (r = 0.66, p < 0.2). In cyclonic regions the mean integrated chl a concentration (0.38 mg m-3) (as an indicator of phytoplankton food biomass) was 1.7-fold higher than in anticyclonic areas. The same trend occurred for mean integrated concentrations of nitrate and phosphate (0.996 and 0.299 FM in cyclonic and 0.438 and 0.061 FM in anticyclonic regions, respectively) in the chl a containing layer. Thus, conditions for total primary productivity in cyclonic regions were more favorable than in anticyclonic ones. This was consistent with lipid levels in female C. euxinus.
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