Import-Associated Measles Outbreak Including Hospital- and Clinic-Based Transmission in the Non-Endemic Hokkaido District, Japan, 2014

Detection of Measles Virus Genotypes B3, D4, D5, D8, and H1 in the Surveillance System in Hokkaido, Japan, 2006-2015, the Last Decade toward the Elimination

“…Nosocomial transmission was probably the source of measles transmission in some of the cases in this study (12). Prevention of this type of transmission is an urgent problem.…”

“…In 2014, a regional measles endemic caused by the genotype B3 had occurred (12). The initial case had a history of travel to the Philippines for 3-18 days before the onset of rash.…”

Nationwide Molecular Epidemiology of Measles Virus in Japan Between 2008 and 2017

“…In total, 260 genotype B3 strains were detected between 2013 and 2017 (Table 1). In 2014, large measles outbreaks have occurred in the Philippines (Takashima et al, 2015) and many measles cases in 2014 in Japan had travel history to the Philippines (Takahashi et al, 2014; Minagawa et al, 2015; Miyoshi et al, 2015; National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis, and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare [MHLW], 2015a,b; Yagi et al, 2015; Miyoshi et al, 2017; Kaida et al, 2018). Imported cases from the Philippines were also reported in Korea (Park et al, 2017) and many European countries (Nic Lochlainn et al, 2016; Santibanez et al, 2017).…”

“…In 2014, a large outbreak of the D8 genotype strain occurred in Vietnam (Pham et al, 2014) and seven imported D8 cases from Vietnam were detected in Japan that year (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis, and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare [MHLW], 2015a,b). Many imported D8 cases from Indonesia were also reported in 2013 (Kaida et al, 2018), 2014 (Miyoshi et al, 2015; National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis, and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare [MHLW], 2015a,b), 2015 (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis, and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare [MHLW], 2016b), 2016 (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [MHLW], 2017a), and 2017 (Komabayashi et al, 2018; National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [MHLW], 2018a,b). Thailand was also a major source of genotype D8 MV importation into Japan in 2012 (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [MHLW], 2013a), 2016 (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [MHLW], 2017a,b), and 2017 (National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare [MHLW], 2018a,b).…”

“…The B3 seq19 variant (B3-Kansas) was detected from only a single case, while B3 seq1 variant (B3-Harare) was most frequently detected in Japan (from 20 cases in 2013 and 171 cases in 2014) (Table 1). Thus, B3 seq1 variant (B3-Harare), which was repeatedly imported from Philippines (Takahashi et al, 2014; Minagawa et al, 2015; Miyoshi et al, 2015, 2017; National Institute of Infetious Diseases [NIID], and Tuberculosis, and Infectious Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare [MHLW], 2015a,b; Yagi et al, 2015; Kaida et al, 2018), was the major cause of measles outbreaks in 2013 and 2014 in Japan. Between 2013 and 2016, outbreaks by the B3-Harare strain have been also observed in European countries (Rasmussen et al, 2015; Magurano et al, 2016, 2017; Santibanez et al, 2017).…”