Implicitly measured aggressiveness self-concepts in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test

Baumann, Erik; Schmidt, Alexander F.; Jelinek, Lena; Benecke, Cord; Spitzer, Carsten

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101513

Cited by 5 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Participants were aged between 13 and 18, with a mean age of 16.6 (SD = 0.9). The sample size was based on similar papers from the field [e.g., ( 29 , 30 )]. All participants were assessed individually with the AIDA-IAT using a laptop and completed self-report measures by paper and pen after informed consent was obtained by their legal guardians.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the results of studies vary according to the disorder, and it seems the two different IATs share the basic structure of tasks, but that is their only commonality ( 26 ); therefore, it is necessary to adjust the IAT for each disorder ( 24 ). In the context of BPD, IATs have been utilized to assess implicit associations between the self-concept and shame ( 27 , 28 ), as well as neuroticism ( 29 ) and aggressiveness ( 30 ). All studies reported significant differences between women with BPD and a healthy control group, which is in line with findings that an IAT can show mean differences between groups and classify individuals into opposing groups ( 22 , 31 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondly, regarding the implicit assessment of identity diffusion, we expected patients with BPD features to classify pairings of self and instability faster than the healthy control group, which we expected to classify pairings of self and stability faster. This hypothesis was based on previous studies that assessed other aspects of BPD symptomatology and reported differences between patient and control groups [e.g., ( 28 , 30 )].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Explicit and Implicit Measures of Identity Diffusion in Adolescent Girls With Borderline Personality Disorder

2022

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The present study is the first to examine both the implicit and explicit self-concept of identity diffusion in a sample of adolescent patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). A clinical sample of adolescent girls with diagnosed BPD (N = 30; M age = 15.9 years) and a sample of girls with a healthy personality development (N = 33; M age = 16.6 years) completed an implicit association test (IAT) that was adjusted to identity diffusion, the core of BPD. Common domains of child and adolescent psychopathology and core components of BPD were assessed using self-reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children—11 (BPFSC-11) and the Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA). BPD patients scored significantly higher on explicit measures of borderline pathology than girls with a healthy personality development. A crucial finding for this study was that girls with BPD had a significantly lower implicit preference for stability than their counterparts in the control group. Moreover, explicit measures of borderline personality pathology were significantly correlated with an implicit measure of identity diffusion, the core of BPD. However, when looking at the predictive ability of implicit and explicit measures, only explicit identity diffusion was significantly associated with borderline features. Our data suggests that adolescent girls with BPD differ from healthy individuals not only in their conscious representation but also in their implicit representation of the self with regard to BPD related characteristics, which further advances the need for the identification of at-risk adolescents.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Explicit and Implicit Measures of Identity Diffusion in Adolescent Girls With Borderline Personality Disorder

2022

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“…Of note, Rüsch, Lieb, et al (2017) assessed shame relative to anxiety, but advocated for future research to explore shame relative to pride. For the second IAT evaluating a guilt-prone self-concept, target categories remained unchanged and attribute categories were changed to “guilt” and “innocence.” Similar to previous studies (Banse et al, 2015; Baumann et al, 2020; Cludius et al, 2017; Schmidt et al, 2015), in both IATs, the “other” dimension was represented by occupational labels (e.g., cook or farmer) instead of the more commonly used labels of “them” or “others” to ensure that participants would not associate “others” with particularly shameful or proud persons (or guilty vs. innocent persons, respectively).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, it is useful to apply both implicit and explicit measures of shame and guilt. This is also important because previous findings indicate the high impact of negative implicit self-concepts in BPD (Baumann et al, 2020;.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

Negative self-conscious emotions in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test.

Spitzer

Jelinek

Baumann

et al. 2021

Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

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Shame and guilt are vital in borderline personality disorder (BPD), and previous research using explicit measures has consistently found elevated levels of these self-conscious emotions (SCE) in those with BPD. However, these measures cannot elucidate implicit processes that are equally important, as they guide the perceptions of the self and influence behavioral responses. Thus, we aimed to extend the research on SCE in BPD utilizing an indirect latency-based measure. A total of 29 female inpatients with BPD and 21 healthy women were assessed with a shame and a guilt self-concept Implicit Association Test (IAT). These two tasks use reaction time measurements to determine the relative strengths of associations between the self versus others and shame versus pride and guilt versus innocence. In addition, participants completed questionnaires capturing shame, guilt, and BPD symptoms. Women with BPD displayed significantly more shame-and guilt-prone implicit self-concepts than the control group (d ϭ 1.2 and d ϭ 0.7, respectively). They also scored significantly higher on explicit measures of shame and guilt. Although explicitly and implicitly assessed shame and guilt were strongly associated with borderline pathology, multivariate models indicated that solely self-reported, but not implicitly measured, guilt was consistently related to all BPD outcomes. Shame was only associated with the number of BPD criteria. This study extends previous findings on SCE in BPD, in that women with BPD do not only explicitly conceive themselves as more shame-and guilt-prone but also exhibit implicitly more shame and guilt self-concepts than healthy controls. Our results may hold clinical and therapeutic implications.

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Differential diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: Self‐concept, identity and self‐esteem

Wright

Lari

Iazzetta

et al. 2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and bipolar disorder (BD) often overlap. In some cases, it is difficult to conduct a differential diagnosis based only on current diagnostic criteria Therefore, it is important to find clinical factors with high discriminatory specificity that, used together with structured or semi‐structured interviews, could help improve diagnostic practice. We propose that a clinical analysis of identity, self‐concept and self‐esteem may help distinguish the two disorders, when they are not co‐morbid. Our review of the studies that analyse these constructs in BD and BPD, separately, points in the direction of qualitative differences between the two disorders. In BPD, there is a well‐documented identity diffusion, and the self‐concept appears predominantly negative; shifts in self‐concept and self‐esteem are often tied to interpersonal triggers. In BD, patients struggle with their identity, but narrative identity might be less compromised compared with BPD; the shifts in self‐concept and self‐esteem appear more linked to internal (i.e. mood and motivational) factors. We end the paper by discussing the implications for clinicians and ideas for future comparative research.

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Implicitly measured aggressiveness self-concepts in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test

Cited by 5 publications

References 43 publications

Explicit and Implicit Measures of Identity Diffusion in Adolescent Girls With Borderline Personality Disorder

Explicit and Implicit Measures of Identity Diffusion in Adolescent Girls With Borderline Personality Disorder

Negative self-conscious emotions in women with borderline personality disorder as assessed by an Implicit Association Test.

Differential diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder: Self‐concept, identity and self‐esteem

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