Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model.

Petty, Richard E.; Tormala, Zakary L.; Briñol, Pablo; Jarvis, W. Blair G.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.21

Cited by 292 publications

(338 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(111 reference statements)

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“…These findings are consistent with some prior research suggesting that automatic evaluations as measured by the IAT can sometimes change in response to advertisements (Czyzewska & Ginsburg, 2007;Maio et al, 2009;Park, Felix, & Lee, 2007) and other treatments involving verbal information (e.g., Petty et al, 2006;Teachman & Woody, 2003; see Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006, for a review). Although this research demonstrates that automatic evaluations can be influenced by traditional persuasive messages, it is unclear what the psychological processes were underlying the obtained effects, and whether those changes were consequential.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Horcajo

Briñol

Petty

2010

Psychology and Marketing

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The present research examines two main issues relevant to consumer persuasion: (1) whether automatic evaluations can change (both directly and indirectly) in response to verbal ads that engage deliberative information processing activity, and (2) whether such messages can result in spreading activation of implicit change that is consistent with balance principles. The first study showed that automatic evaluations of vegetables were more favorable after people read a health ad than a control message. The results of Study 2 showed that automatic associations toward Heineken (a brand associated with the color green) were also more favorable as a result of processing a message advocating the color green than a neutral control message. Consistent with the idea that automatic changes can be consequential not only for brands but also for consumer identity, participants of Study 3 showed more automatic self-vegetable associations after thinking about the benefits (rather than the negative consequences) of consuming vegetables. A final study revealed that false feedback increasing (vs. decreasing) self-product identity led to more favorable automatic attitudes toward the product, but only for those with relatively high scores on the implicit measure of selfesteem. Taken together, this series of studies suggests that automatic changes that result from consumer persuasion are consequential in terms of spreading activation and that they seem to respond to balance principles.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Horcajo

Briñol

Petty

2010

Psychology and Marketing

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“…They seem, however, to be inconsistent with dual-process models which assume that implicit attitudes assessed with indirect measures are highly stable and difficult to change (see Wilson et al, 2000;Petty, Tormala, Brinol, & Jarvis, 2006), because these models can not account for an asymmetrical pattern of self-esteem change that involves an alteration of implicit but not explicit self-esteem (see Experiment 1 or 3, respectively). The RIM or the APE-Model, in contrast, allow for such patterns.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem

Grumm

Nestler

Collani

2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Three experiments investigated predictions concerning asymmetrical patterns of implicit and explicit self-esteem change. Specifically, we investigated the influence of knowledge about the own self that is momentarily salient as well as the influence of affective valence associated with the self in memory on implicit and explicit self-esteem. The latter was induced by evaluative conditioning, the former by directed thinking about oneself. We found that while evaluative conditioning changed implicit but not explicit self-esteem (Experiment 1), thinking about the own self altered explicit but not implicit self-esteem (Experiment 2).Moreover, in a third experiment, it could be shown that the effect of evaluative conditioning can spill over to the explicit level when participants are asked to focus on their feelings prior to making their self-report judgements (Experiment 3). Implications of our results are discussed in terms of recent controversies regarding dual process models of attitudes and associative versus propositional modes of information processing.Keywords: self-esteem, implicit measures, explicit measures, directed thinking, evaluative conditioning, dual process models ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTChanging Explicit and Implicit Attitudes 3Changing Explicit and Implicit Attitudes:The Case of Self-EsteemThe understanding of the self is probably one of the oldest and most doggedly investigated problems in psychology. Based on the analysis of William James (1890) social psychologists have accumulated a number of empirical findings which added to our fundamental understanding of its structure and functioning (for an overview see Baumeister, 1998). A broad strand of research investigated the effects and benefits of self-esteem, that is, the global evaluation of the own self and the association of the own person with positive or negative attributes (Baumeister, 1998;von Collani & Herzberg, 2003) and the consequences it might have for a multitude of behavioural domains in life. High self-esteem is typically viewed as an indicator of psychological health and the popular media bombard people with the message that high self-esteem reflects optimal functioning and that it is a necessary precursor to productivity and happiness (Baumeister, 1998), but on the other hand it still remains unclear whether there are any causal relationships between self-esteem and psychological well-being (Baumeister, Campbell, Krüger, & Vohs, 2003). Nonetheless, many studies focused on possibilities to enhance the self-esteem level of individuals via different methods (success/failure feedback: Ybarra, 1999; mood induction: Brown & Mankowski, 1993; directed thinking tasks: McGuire & McGuire, 1996; social comparisons: Stapel & Blanton, 2004, etc.).Although the understanding of the self and self-esteem in particular has witnessed important progress in the last decades (Baumeister, 1998), social psychology theorizing about the self experienced a shift in recent years. Drawing on the distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes (Wils...

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“…In addition, the theory assumes that newly acquired counterattitudinal information is simply added to the existing memory structures instead of erasing initially acquired attitudinal information from memory (cf. Petty, Tormala, Briñol, & Jarvis, 2006;Wilson, Lindsey, & Schooler, 2000). Hence, if a person is confronted with counterattitudinal information about an object that conflicts with initially acquired attitudinal information, the mental representation of the object is assumed to acquire a "dual" nature that involves (1) a context-free representation of the initial attitudinal information, and (2) a contextualized representation of the expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Generalization versus contextualization in automatic evaluation revisited: A meta-analysis of successful and failed replications.

Gawronski¹,

Hu²,

Rydell³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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To account for disparate findings in the literature on automatic evaluation, Gawronski, Rydell, Vervliet, and De Houwer (2010) proposed a representational theory that specifies the contextual conditions under which automatic evaluations reflect initially acquired attitudinal information or subsequently acquired counterattitudinal information. The theory predicts that automatic evaluations should reflect the valence of expectancy-violating counterattitudinal information only in the context in which this information had been learned. In contrast, automatic evaluations should reflect the valence of initial attitudinal information in any other context, be it the context in which the initial attitudinal information had been acquired (ABA renewal) or a novel context in which the target object had not been encountered before (ABC renewal). The current article presents a meta-analysis of all published and unpublished studies from the authors' research groups regardless of whether they produced the predicted pattern of results. Results revealed average effect sizes of d = 0.249 for ABA renewal (30 studies, N = 3,142) and d = 0.174 for ABC renewal (27 studies, N = 2,930), both of which were significantly different from zero. Effect sizes were moderated by attention to context during learning, order of positive and negative information, context-valence contingencies during learning, and sample country. Although some of the obtained moderator effects are consistent with the representational theory, others require theoretical refinements and future research to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms underlying contextual renewal.

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Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model.

Cited by 292 publications

References 58 publications

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance

Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem

Generalization versus contextualization in automatic evaluation revisited: A meta-analysis of successful and failed replications.

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