Implications of Treating Water Containing Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Chlorine: A Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Study

Oyler, A. R.; Liukkonen, Robert J.; Lukasewycz, M. K.; Cox, D. A.; Peake, D. A.; Carlson, R. M.

doi:10.2307/3429424

Cited by 17 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Previous investigations [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] that were carried out at higher concentrations (β PAH = 1 to 180 µg/L, β disinfectant = 1 to 200 mg/L) are consistent with the results for the reactivity of the selected PAH and for the detected reaction products monohydroxyanthracene and anthraquinone. In this section, the investigations of the reactivity of anthracene are described, and a mechanism of reaction is proposed.…”

Section: Reaction Of Anthracene With Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxidesupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene were identified in the water systems. Although some research on the chemical reactions of PAH with chlorine and chlorine dioxide at higher concentrations (β PAH = 1 to 180 µg/L, β disinfectant = 1 to 200 mg/L [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]) has been carried out, only little information on their reactivity in drinking water, the reaction mechanism, and the toxicological impact of the reaction products is available. In addition to the three major compounds [3,4,15], the behaviour of anthracene was studied in detail to obtain basic understanding on the reaction mechanism prevalent in the investigated systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reactions of PAH with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide in Coal Tar Lined Pipes

Merkel¹,

Maier²,

Sacher³

et al. 1998

Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol.

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In presence of disinfectants, PAH are remobilized from the coal tar lining of water distribution mains. Reactions of the PAH with chlorine and chlorine dioxide can lead to chlorinated PAH that might show higher mutagenic effects than the parent PAH. The application of the solid‐phase microextraction as a sampling preparation method in combination with a gas chromatographic mass spectrometric device is a reliable and useful method to achieve detection limits in the lower nanogramme‐per‐liter level for PAH and chlorinated PAH. Thus, the reactions of four PAH (anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene) with chlorine and chlorine dioxide under conditions prevalent in drinking water distribution systems could be investigated. In batch experiments with demineralized and drinking water at pH 7, the concentrations of fluoranthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene remained constant, whereas anthracene reacted quantitatively with both disinfectants. In these reactions, no chlorinated products could be detected, only mono‐hydroxyanthracene and anthraquinone were formed. A reaction mechanism for both reaction products is proposed. The results suggest that oxidation is the major pathway of the reaction of PAH with disinfectants in the systems under investigation.

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Section: Reaction Of Anthracene With Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxidesupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions of PAH with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide in Coal Tar Lined Pipes

Merkel¹,

Maier²,

Sacher³

et al. 1998

Acta hydrochim. hydrobiol.

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“…These values were low as compared with results observed in our previous paper (Kanno et al, 2010), demonstrating a high removal rate (95%) of dissolved organic contaminants after processing in the same water treatment plant. The observations described above can be explained by increased water temperature (Table 1), which may cause the leaching of PAHs from the coal tar coating inside pipes and water storage tanks (Alben, 1980;Oyler et al, 1982;Onodera, 1991;Takahashi et al, 2007) during the warmer season. In addition, high concentrations of fluorenone and anthraquinone were detected in drinking water samples, as compared with the parent PAHs.…”

Section: Characteristics and Levels Of Pahs In River And Drinking Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutagenic potentials of Amberlite XAD-2-resin extracts obtained from river and drinking waters in the Northwest district of Chiba, Japan

et al. 2010

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-Amberlite XAD-2 resin extracts of river and drinking water sampled from the Northwest district of Chiba Prefecture in each month during the period from January to December 2008 were investigated to characterize and determine their mutagenic potentials and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels. The extracts from the river water were shown to be mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 (a flameshift mutagen) without S9 mix, with higher mutagenic responses in summer and early fall seasons. While the drinking water extracts exhibited weak mutagenicity in both the TA98 and TA100 strains (a base-pair substitution mutagen) without S9 mix, with high mutagenic responses in fall and early winter seasons. GC/MS determinations of the water concentrates showed some seasonal scatter in PAH levels in river water. In contrast, comparatively high concentrations of PAHs were observed for drinking water samples collected during warmer seasons. Statistical studies revealed that there is a lower correlation between the levels of flameshift mutagenicity and the concentrations of PAH in the river water concentrations, but a higher correlation between them in the drinking water samples.

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“…In the late 1970s to 1980s, Oyler et al identified various chlorinated PAHs with 2~4-ring as the products of aqueous chlorination reactions of PAHs using reversed phase HPLC with UV detector, GC equipped with photoionization detector, and GC/MS [19,20]. The study would be first report that ClPAHs were detected from environmental sample, whereas that would be artificial environment of watertreatment including chlorination reaction of PAHs.…”

Section: Analytical Methods Of Hpahsmentioning

confidence: 98%