Implications of PI3K/AKT/PTEN Signaling on Superoxide Dismutases Expression and in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative sickness, where the speed of personal disease progression differs prominently due to genetic and environmental factors such as life style. Alzheimer’s disease is described by the construction of neuronal plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of phosphorylated tau protein. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be a noticeable feature of Alzheimer’s disease and increased production of reactive oxygen species has long been described. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) protect from excess reactive oxygen species to form less reactive hydrogen peroxide. It is suggested that SODs can play a protective role in neurodegeneration. In addition, PI3K/AKT pathway has been shown to play a critical role on the neuroprotection and inhibiting apoptosis via the enhancing expression of the SODs. This pathway appears to be crucial in Alzheimer’s disease because it is related to the tau protein hyper-phosphorylation. Dietary supplementation of several ordinary compounds may provide a novel therapeutic approach to brain disorders by modulating the function of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Understanding these systems may offer a better efficacy of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent progresses on the involvement of the SODs and PI3K/AKT pathway in neuroprotective signaling against Alzheimer’s disease.

Oxidative Cyclization‐Induced Activation of a Phosphoinositide 3‐Kinase Inhibitor for Enhanced Selectivity of Cancer Chemotherapeutics

“…[3] Many natural-product PI3K inhibitors, such as wortmannin, have side effects and poor metabolic stability. [5][6][7] In this work, we focused on a PI3K inhibitor, Pi103, that causes reductions in tumor volume in models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), [8] lung cancer, [9] and skin cancer but has serious side effects. [5][6][7] In this work, we focused on a PI3K inhibitor, Pi103, that causes reductions in tumor volume in models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), [8] lung cancer, [9] and skin cancer but has serious side effects.…”

“…[4] Side effects result from inhibition of normal homeostatic functions of PI3K, such as metabolic, inflammatory, and memory functions. [5][6][7] In this work, we focused on a PI3K inhibitor, Pi103, that causes reductions in tumor volume in models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), [8] lung cancer, [9] and skin cancer but has serious side effects. [10][11] We sought to produce a Pi103 prodrug that improves the specificity and stability of this compound.…”

Upregulation of microRNA‐196a improves cognitive impairment and alleviates neuronal damage in hippocampus tissues of Alzheimer's disease through downregulating LRIG3 expression

“…The working fluid (3 nmol/L) was prepared with Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and normal saline, and then sealed and decomposed in a sterile incubator at 37℃ for 1 week to prepare for Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] in aggregate state. After anesthetized with 1% pentobarbital sodium by intraperitoneal injection, the rats were fixed on a brain stereotactic locator for cutting off the hair.…”

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Purpose: This study is launched to uncover the inner function of on cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats through regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Methods: The establishment of AD rat model was performed by a microinjection of Aβ [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] . miR-196a and LRIG3 expression was detected, and the putative binding site between them was also determined.

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Hydrogen Peroxide Levels Correlate With Superoxide Dismutase in Iraqi Women With Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

“…SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and molecular oxygen. Under pathological and physiological conditions, SOD acts as the first line from oxidative stress protection [8]. H 2 O 2 is made by stimulation of numerous receptors on the cell surface and works as an intracellular messenger in many physiological events regulation [9].…”