Implications of organic carbon in the deterioration of water quality in reclaimed water distribution systems

Weinrich, Lauren; Jjemba, Patrick K.; Giraldo, Efrén; LeChevallier, Mark W.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.035

Cited by 68 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Concerns related to pathogen growth in drinking water and reclaimed water have been raised in previous studies (van der Kooij, 2003;Oesterholt et al, 2007;Jjemba et al, 2010;Weinrich et al, 2010). In this study, we demonstrated that the growth of pathogens in water stored for reuse in an onsite sanitation technology (i.e., the BDAT) is a potential concern and, therefore, increases health risks.…”

Section: Implication For Water Reusementioning

confidence: 50%

Controlling Bacterial Pathogens in Water for Reuse: Treatment Technologies for Water Recirculation in the Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet

Nguyen

Allemann

Ziemba

et al. 2017

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Highlight• Bacterial growth in fecally-contaminated water is highly variable and dependent on several factors. • Regrowth occurs after chlorination (low doses, no residual).• Indigenous microbial communities variably impact bacterial growth.• A combination of treatments can both inactivate and inhibit growth.The Blue Diversion AUTARKY Toilet is a urine-diverting toilet with on-site treatment. The toilet is being developed to provide a safe and affordable sanitation technology for people who lack access to sewer-based sanitation. Water used for personal hygiene, hand washing, and flushing to rinse urine-and feces-collection bowls is treated, stored, and recycled for reuse to reduce reliance on external water supplies. The system provides an opportunity to investigate hygiene of water for reuse following treatment. Treatment in the toilet includes a Biologically Activated Membrane Bioreactor (BAMBi) followed by a secondary treatment technology. To identify effective secondary treatment, three options, including granular activated carbon (GAC) only, GAC+chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), and GAC+electrolysis are considered based on the bacterial inactivation and growth inhibition efficiency. Four different hygiene-relevant bacteria are tested: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella typhimurium. Our evaluation demonstrates that-despite treatment of water with the BAMBi-E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. typhimurium have the potential to grow during storage in the absence of microbial competition. Including the indigenous microbial community influences bacterial growth in different ways: E. coli growth decreases but P. aeruginosa growth increases relative to no competition. The addition of the secondary treatment options considerably improves water quality. A column of GAC after the BAMBi reduces E. coli growth potential by 2 log 10 , likely due to the reduction of carbon sources. Additional treatments including chlorination and electrolysis provide further safety margins, with Nguyen et al. Pathogens in Water for Reuse more than 5 log 10 inactivation of E. coli. However, reactivation and/or regrowth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa occurs under in the absence of residual disinfectant. Treatment including the BAMBi, GAC, and electrolysis appear to be promising technologies to control bacterial growth during storage in water intended for reuse.

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Section: Implication For Water Reusementioning

confidence: 50%

Controlling Bacterial Pathogens in Water for Reuse: Treatment Technologies for Water Recirculation in the Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet

Nguyen

Allemann

Ziemba

et al. 2017

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…1,2016 Fig. 4 (a) Cell counts by various methods and (b) change in major OTUs when reclaimed water is not chlorinated. Major OTUs are the OTUs that occupy more than 5% in at least one of the samples sequenced.…”

Section: Initial Chlorine Dose Of 1 Mg-cl 2 /Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tertiary treated reclaimed water is popular for non-potable urban uses like toilet flushing, landscaping and industrial uses, however, deterioration in microbial water quality during storage and distribution is still a concern for reclaimed water industry [3]. Owing to its higher nutrient content than drinking water [4,5], intermittent consumption pattern and being sourced from wastewater, reclaimed water provides a conducive environment for microbes to grow. Hence, it is disinfected before being supplied to the customer to prevent accidental contact with harmful pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine Dose Determines Bacterial Community Structure of Subsequent Regrowth in Reclaimed Water

Acharya

Kurisu

Kasuga

et al. 2016

J. of Wat. & Envir. Tech.

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Bacterial regrowth in reclaimed water, specifically observed when residual chlorine concentration declines along the distribution system, causes undesirable changes in water quality and hampers its acceptability. To study the impact of chlorination on regrowth and bacterial community structure, unchlorinated tertiary treated reclaimed water was collected and dosed with chlorine such that the initial doses were 1, 3, 5 mg-Cl 2 /L before being stored at ambient temperature under dark condition. Chlorine measurement, cell counts and bacterial community profiling were carried out at regular intervals for 21 days. Addition of chlorine caused rapid decline in intact cell concentration and no regrowth was observed until free chlorine decayed below detection limit (0.03 mg-Cl 2 /L). Upon regrowth, intact cell concentrations reached the initial level except in the case of 5 mg-Cl 2 /L where the intact cell concentration was lower by 1-log 10 . The dominant species that regrew under each condition were distinct, based on their capacity to withstand chlorine. The most chlorine-tolerant groups belonged to the order Sphingomonadales and Rhizobiales, which have been previously reported to initiate biofilms. This study demonstrates that chlorination selects specific bacterial groups which have the potential to regrow in the distribution network.

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“…Therefore, the amount of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) produced by ozonation is too high to enter the water distribution system [5] . Bacterial regrowth has been highlighted as the most likely source of organisms that is detected near the point of use in the distribution system [6] . The reason for bacterial living is due to the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in the water distribution system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis on biological stability influencing factors of living district water distribution system

Zhang¹,

Fu²,

Gao³

2016

Proceedings of the 2016 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016)

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bistability of living district water distribution system and impact factors under different hydraulic operation conditions. In order to study bacterial regrowth potential in water distribution system, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) was taken as a tool. Total bacteria number showed a positive correlation with BDOC concentration in network water. However, Residual chlorine showed negative correlation with total bacteria number. Fe ion would lead to Turbidity rising in the water distribution system.

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Implications of organic carbon in the deterioration of water quality in reclaimed water distribution systems

Cited by 68 publications

References 35 publications

Controlling Bacterial Pathogens in Water for Reuse: Treatment Technologies for Water Recirculation in the Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet

Controlling Bacterial Pathogens in Water for Reuse: Treatment Technologies for Water Recirculation in the Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet

Chlorine Dose Determines Bacterial Community Structure of Subsequent Regrowth in Reclaimed Water

Analysis on biological stability influencing factors of living district water distribution system

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