Implicating adhesion molecules in nasal allergic inflammation

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis is now considered an inflammatory disorder where many leukocyte types, including eosinophils and T-lymphocytes, accumulate in increased numbers. Along with mast cells and other cells, they release a wide variety of mediators, cytokines, and granule constituents that can directly cause inflammation or activate the local vascular endothelium to further enhance the recruitment of leukocytes through the expression and function of adhesion molecules. While the understanding of the importance of leukocyte and endothelial adhesion molecules is still at a very early stage, recent evidence has already begun to implicate these cell surface molecules in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma. Additional studies, including the use of adhesion molecule antagonists when available, will clarify the importance of these structures in the pathophysiology of these disorders.

Neutrophil chemokines in cultured nasal fibroblasts

“…As for IgE‐mediated rhinitis and non‐IgE‐mediated rhinitis, proinflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) play a prominent role in ongoing inflammatory reactions by acting as activating factors for epithelial cells, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, and others (8–10). Proinflammatory cytokines also induce the release of various chemokines and cytokines such as IL‐8, thus promoting the expression of corresponding adhesion receptors on peripheral blood granulocytes, which initiates the transendothelial migration of cells into the inflamed tissue (11). IL‐8 is known to be a potent neutrophil chemotactic protein (12) and has been shown to be constantly synthesized in the nasal mucosa, probably by nonimmunocompetent cells (such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mucosal glands) in order to maintain neutrophils on the mucosal surface as important parts of the nasal defence mechanism (13).…”

Age Dependency of the Composition of Immunocompetent Cells and the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Rat Laryngeal Mucosa

“…that of blood vessels, and these molecules can participate in the immigration of leukocytes 7,8 . The expression of class II‐MHC molecules and adhesion molecules is of interest because their blockade by monoclonal antibodies can influence the course of different diseases and provide new pharmaceutical approaches 6,9 …”

Febuxostat Alleviates Allergic Rhinitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Monocyte Adhesion in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells via Regulating KLF6

“…Compared to healthy subjects, in AR patients, the expression of adhesion molecules was significantly and highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells, gland cells, submucosal lymphocytes, and EOS cells [ 31 ]. Under the stimulation of inflammation, CAMs were further upregulated by the induction of elevated and released TNF- α and IL-1 in EOS and mast cells [ 32 , 33 ]. Dissociative CAMs, such as VCAMs, were significantly upregulated in the serum when the intranasal allergen was activated [ 34 ].…”