Implementation of the FDK algorithm for cone-beam CT on the cell broadband engine architecture

Scherl, Holger; Koerner, Mario; Hofmann, Hannes; Eckert, Wieland; Kowarschik, Markus; Hornegger, Joachim

doi:10.1117/12.708754

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Despite of our optimized Cell-based back-projection implementation [1], another group also demonstrated cone-beam back-projection on the Cell processor [4]. The results are comparable to the performance of our back-projection module.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Current GPUs offer massively parallel processing capability that can handle the computational complexity of three-dimensional cone-beam reconstruction. In comparison to the nine-way coherent Cell Broadband Engine Architecture, for which we have previously demonstrated a substantial reconstruction speed [1] The trademarks within this publication are those of the respective owners. 1 1 Gflops = 1 Giga floating point operations per second performance of the CBEA (208.4 Gflops, eight processing elements (SPE), 3.2 GHz, four multiply-add operations per clock cycle per SPE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison to the nine-way coherent Cell Broadband Engine Architecture, for which we have previously demonstrated a substantial reconstruction speed [1] The trademarks within this publication are those of the respective owners. 1 1 Gflops = 1 Giga floating point operations per second performance of the CBEA (208.4 Gflops, eight processing elements (SPE), 3.2 GHz, four multiply-add operations per clock cycle per SPE). Due to the fact that NVIDIA develops a fundamentally new easy-to-use computing architecture for solving complex computational problems on the GPU (CUDA), this speed-up factor should influence the high-speed reconstruction performance significantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fast GPU-Based CT Reconstruction using the Common Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)

Scherl

Keck

Kowarschik

et al. 2007

2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

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112

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Abstract-The Common Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) is a fundamentally new programming approach making use of the unified shader design of the most current Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) from NVIDIA. The programming interface allows to implement an algorithm using standard C language and a few extensions without any knowledge about graphics programming using OpenGL, DirectX, and shading languages.We apply this revolutionary new technology to the FDK method, which solves the three-dimensional reconstruction task in cone-beam CT. The computational complexity of this algorithm prohibits its use for many medical applications without hardware acceleration. Today's GPUs with their high level of parallelism are cost-efficient processors for performing the FDK reconstruction according to medical requirements.In this paper, we present an innovative implementation of the most time-consuming parts of the FDK algorithm: filtering and back-projection. We also explain the required transformations to parallelize the algorithm for the CUDA architecture. Our implementation approach further allows to do an on-the-flyreconstruction, which means that the reconstruction is completed right after the end of data acquisition. This enables us to present the reconstructed volume to the physician in real-time, immediately after the last projection image has been acquired by the scanning device.Finally, we compare our results to our highly optimized FDK implementation on the Cell Broadband Engine Architecture (CBEA), both with respect to reconstruction speed and implementation effort.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Fast GPU-Based CT Reconstruction using the Common Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)

Scherl

Keck

Kowarschik

et al. 2007

2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record

Self Cite

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…3. The AXIOM Artis dFA facilitates 3D cone beam reconstruction carried out using syngo DynaCT (Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Forchheim, Germany) [12][13][14][15] . The system has a flat-panel detector with a detector pixel size of 0.308 mm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accuracy of x-ray image-based 3D localization from two C-arm views: a comparison between an ideal system and a real device

et al. 2009

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C-arm X-ray imaging devices are commonly used for minimally invasive cardiovascular or other interventional procedures. Calibrated state-of-the-art systems can, however, not only be used for 2D imaging but also for three-dimensional reconstruction either using tomographic techniques or even stereotactic approaches.To evaluate the accuracy of X-ray object localization from two views, a simulation study assuming an ideal imaging geometry was carried out first. This was backed up with a phantom experiment involving a real C-arm angiography system. Both studies were based on a phantom comprising five point objects. These point objects were projected onto a flat-panel detector under different C-arm view positions. The resulting 2D positions were perturbed by adding Gaussian noise to simulate 2D point localization errors. In the next step, 3D point positions were triangulated from two views. A 3D error was computed by taking differences between the reconstructed 3D positions using the perturbed 2D positions and the initial 3D positions of the five points. This experiment was repeated for various C-arm angulations involving angular differences ranging from 15 o to 165 o . The smallest 3D reconstruction error was achieved, as expected, by views that were 90 o degrees apart. In this case, the simulation study yielded a 3D error of 0.82 mm ± 0.24 mm (mean ± standard deviation) for 2D noise with a standard deviation of 1.232 mm (4 detector pixels). The experimental result for this view configuration obtained on an AXIOM Artis C-arm (Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Forchheim, Germany) system was 0.98 mm ± 0.29 mm, respectively.These results show that state-of-the-art C-arm systems can localize instruments with millimeter accuracy, and that they can accomplish this almost as well as an idealized theoretical counterpart. High stereotactic localization accuracy, good patient access, and CT-like 3D imaging capabilities render state-of-the-art C-arm systems ideal devices for X-ray based minimally invasive procedures.

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“…Proprietary Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) and filteredback projection algorithms were used for the reconstruction of the full SOFC and the spongy layer scans respectively. 55,56 The reconstructed sample volumes were segmented using Avizo V9.0 software (Avizo, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.) package. The triple-phase boundary (TPB) densities were measured using a 3D imaging-based algorithm explained thoroughly elsewhere.…”

Section: Multi-length Scale X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray Ct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of hierarchical structures in energy devices: new insights into the design of solid oxide fuel cells with enhanced mass transport

Bertei

et al. 2018

Energy Environ. Sci.

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a Mass transport can significantly limit the rate of reaction and lead to concentration polarisation in electrochemical devices, especially under the conditions of high operating current density. In this study we investigate hierarchically structured micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells (MT-SOFC) fabricated by a phase inversion technique and quantitatively assess the mass transport and electrochemical performance improvement compared to a conventional tubular SOFC. We present pioneering work to characterise the effective mass transport parameters for the hierarchically porous microstructures by an integrated computed fluid dynamics simulation, assisted by multi-length scale 3D X-ray tomography. This has been historically challenging because either imaging resolution or field of view has to be sacrificed to compensate for the wide pore size distribution, which supports different transport mechanisms, especially Knudsen flow. Results show that the incorporation of radially-grown micro-channels helps to decrease the tortuosity factor by approximately 50% compared to the conventional design consisting of a spongelike structure, and the permeability is also improved by two orders of magnitude. When accounting for the influence of Knudsen diffusion, the molecule/wall collisions yield an increase of the tortuosity factor from 11.5 (continuum flow) to 23.4 (Knudsen flow), but the addition of micro-channels helps to reduce it down to 5.3. Electrochemical performance simulations using the measured microstructural and mass transport parameters show good agreement with the experimental results at elevated temperatures. The MT-SOFC anode displays 70% lower concentration overpotential, 60% higher power density (0.98 vs. 0.61 W cm À2 ) and wider current density window for maximum power density than the conventional design. Broader contextHierarchical materials are a popular choice not only for electrochemical energy devices such as fuel cells and batteries, but also for a range of functional materials including catalysts, diffusion media and membranes for waste processing. This study qualitatively and quantitatively illustrates the effectiveness of hierarchically structured pores in reducing gas transport resistance, providing new insights into advanced microstructure optimisation. Moreover, it is a common mistake in the modelling of hierarchical materials to assume the flow to be governed by continuum physics irrespective of the length scale, whereas in the region of finest structure, the molecule/wall collisions become dominant, which cannot be addressed by continuum physics. It is also impossible to define a relevant average pore size to describe the mass transport in these materials due to the wide pore size distribution. The integrated computed fluid dynamics (I-CFD) technique proposed by us for the first time herein, aims to overcome this problem and accurately characterise the effective mass transport in these complex hierarchical structures. The concept and techniques used in this study are believed to be of wide inter...

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Implementation of the FDK algorithm for cone-beam CT on the cell broadband engine architecture

Cited by 17 publications

References 12 publications

Fast GPU-Based CT Reconstruction using the Common Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)

Fast GPU-Based CT Reconstruction using the Common Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)

Accuracy of x-ray image-based 3D localization from two C-arm views: a comparison between an ideal system and a real device

The application of hierarchical structures in energy devices: new insights into the design of solid oxide fuel cells with enhanced mass transport

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