Implementation of Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Testbed using Raspberry Pi and USRP

Park, Hyunjae; Lee, Gyu-min; Shin, Seung-Hun; Roh, Byeong‐hee; Oh, Ji Myeong

doi:10.4018/ijitn.2017100105

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…UDP has been the preferred transport layer protocol for multimedia applications because it is connectionless and does not perform retransmission during packet loss, which reduces delay at the expense of acceptable packet loss. Due to the challenges of meeting the stringent QoS requirements of multimedia applications, most investigations using testbeds in the literature use UDP rather than transmission control protocol (TCP) [15,16,[28][29][30]. In this experiment, we use multimedia applications, whereby the source host sends a video stream to the destination host that plays out the video using the VLC media player.…”

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio and Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nodes use similar devices, specifically USRP with GNU radio units connected to RP3 to minimize the differences in signal volatility and inconsistency in communication. Experiment has been conducted under the similar operating environment in the literature [13][14][15]24,[28][29][30][31][32][33]. In the literature, RP3 has been used to:…”

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy consumption has shown to reduce at the expense of a lower throughput. • perform channel sensing to detect white spaces [29,39], and subsequently access the available channels to reduce interference to PUs' activities [29]. Measurement shows that RP3 consumes energy in computation (e.g., using the available memory in kernel to run GNU radio libraries) and software initialization [39].…”

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

et al. 2021

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This paper demonstrates a route selection mechanism on a testbed with heterogeneous device-to-device (D2D) wireless communication for a 5G network scenario. The source node receives information about the primary users’ (PUs’) (or licensed users’) activities and available routes from the macrocell base station (or a central controller) and makes a decision to select a multihop route to the destination node. The source node from small cells can either choose: (a) a route with direct communication with the macrocell base station to improve the route performance; or (b) a route with D2D communication among nodes in the small cells to offload traffic from the macrocell to improve spectrum efficiency. The selected D2D route has the least PUs’ activities. The route selection mechanism is investigated on our testbed that helps to improve the accuracy of network performance measurement. In traditional testbeds, each node (e.g., Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) that serves as the front-end communication block) is connected to a single processing unit (e.g., a personal computer) via a switch using cables. In our testbed, each USRP node is connected to a separate processing unit, i.e., raspberry Pi3 B+ (or RP3), which offers three main advantages: (a) control messages and data packets are exchanged via the wireless medium; (b) separate processing units make decisions in a distributed and heterogeneous manner; and (c) the nodes are placed further apart from one another. Therefore, in the investigation of our route selection scheme, the response delay of control message exchange and the packet loss caused by the operating environment (e.g., ambient noise) are implied in our end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio measurement. Our results show an increase of end-to-end delay and a decrease of packet delivery ratio due to the transmission of control messages and data packets in the wireless medium in the presence of the dynamic PUs’ activities. Furthermore, D2D communication can offload 25% to 75% traffic from macrocell base station to small cells.

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Section: Usrp/gnu Radio and Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Rp3 Testbedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

et al. 2021

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“…In [43], a testbed consists of three main USRP/GNU radio nodes: (a) a SU source node, which is connected to a personal computer; (b) a SU intermediate node, which is embedded with Raspberry Pi3, that performs energy-based channel sensing; and (c) a SU destination node, which is embedded with Raspberry Pi3. The rest of the nodes are PUs.…”

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Raspberry Pimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The USRP/GNU radio performs communication, and the RP3 performs processes. While existing works in the literature [20,[38][39][40][41][42][43], focus on the capability and compatibility of USRP/GNU radio and RP3, this paper focuses on end-to-end hardware and software processing delays between a source node and a destination node, and the use of the delay measurement for route selection (i.e., either via D2D or MC BS).…”

Section: Usrp/gnu Radio With Raspberry Pimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Distributed Testbed for 5G Scenarios: An Experimental Study

Chamran

Yau

Noor

et al. 2019

Sensors

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This paper demonstrates the use of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), together with Raspberry Pi3 B+ (RP3) as the brain (or the decision making engine), to develop a distributed wireless network in which nodes can communicate with other nodes independently and make decision autonomously. In other words, each USRP node (i.e., sensor) is embedded with separate processing units (i.e., RP3), which has not been investigated in the literature, so that each node can make independent decisions in a distributed manner. The proposed testbed in this paper is compared with the traditional distributed testbed, which has been widely used in the literature. In the traditional distributed testbed, there is a single processing unit (i.e., a personal computer) that makes decisions in a centralized manner, and each node (i.e., USRP) is connected to the processing unit via a switch. The single processing unit exchanges control messages with nodes via the switch, while the nodes exchange data packets among themselves using a wireless medium in a distributed manner. The main disadvantage of the traditional testbed is that, despite the network being distributed in nature, decisions are made in a centralized manner. Hence, the response delay of the control message exchange is always neglected. The use of such testbed is mainly due to the limited hardware and monetary cost to acquire a separate processing unit for each node. The experiment in our testbed has shown the increase of end-to-end delay and decrease of packet delivery ratio due to software and hardware delays. The observed multihop transmission is performed using device-to-device (D2D) communication, which has been enabled in 5G. Therefore, nodes can either communicate with other nodes via: (a) a direct communication with the base station at the macrocell, which helps to improve network performance; or (b) D2D that improve spectrum efficiency, whereby traffic is offloaded from macrocell to small cells. Our testbed is the first of its kind in this scale, and it uses RP3 as the distributed decision-making engine incorporated into the USRP/GNU radio platform. This work provides an insight to the development of a 5G network.Sensors 2020, 20, 18 2 of 23 either as a licensed user (or a primary user, PU) to utilize its licensed channels (or cellular channels), or as an unlicensed user (or a secondary user, SU) to explore and utilize white spaces, which are the underutilized licensed channels (or cognitive channels) [4]. D2D enables nodes to access both cellular and cognitive channels to improve spectrum efficiency in order to improve data transmission rate and quality of service (QoS) [5-7]. Our ContributionsAt present, the majority of the research related to 5G presents theoretical analysis [8][9][10][11][12] and simulation studies [11][12][13][14][15][16]. In general, various theoretical state of the art and open issues are presented in [8], the effects of ultra-densification are investigated in [9], various network architectures, medium access mechanisms, and open issues a...

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Implementation of Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Testbed using Raspberry Pi and USRP

Park

Lee

Shin

et al. 2017

International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking

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Theincreasedusageofwirelesscommunicationhascreatedawirelessfrequencyshortageproblem. CognitiveRadio(CR)hasattractedpublicattention,asoneofthesolutionsthatcanresolvethisissue. Inthispaper,theauthorsbuiltanactualCRsystemtestbedusingtheSDR(SoftwareDefinedRadio) platform,USRP(UniversalSoftwareRadioPeripheral)board,theSDRdevelopmenttoolkit,GNU Radio,andRaspberryPi3,whichisasingleboardcomputer.TheyconfiguredSecondaryUser(SU)s withRaspberryPi3forstraightforwardandportabletestenvironment.Theauthors'testbedperforms spectrumsensingbasedonenergydetectionanddetermineswhetherthechannelisoccupiedornot. Experimentalresultsnotonlyshowperformancebutalsoprovidetheirtestbedthatworkswellin multi-hopenvironments.

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Implementation of Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Testbed using Raspberry Pi and USRP

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

An Experimental Study on D2D Route Selection Mechanism in 5G Scenarios

A Distributed Testbed for 5G Scenarios: An Experimental Study

Implementation of Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Testbed using Raspberry Pi and USRP

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