Radiation therapy is an essential part of the treatment of malignant diseases (and some benign diseases). Radiation oncologists are part of a multidisciplinary team who work with medical physicists, radiation therapy technologists, and oncology nurses to optimize the treatment of their patients. Although X-ray discovery dates to 1895, the Arab world started to practice this field in the 1920s. This chapter describes the status of radiation therapy in the 22 Arab countries regarding radiation therapy facilities, training programs, and the future of radiation therapy in the Arab world.