Implementation of a hydrologic model and GIS for estimating Wadi runoff in Dernah area, Al Jabal Al Akhadar, NE Libya

Assessment of Temperature and Elevation Controls on Spatial Variability of Rainfall in Iran

“…Raster to Point (Conversion) is a spatial analysis method used for the conversion of the estimated values of temperature series, elevation levels and rainfall series to typical point layers on the basis of a data structure created in ordinary kriging. Estimated series of point layers were validated by using cross-validation and validation techniques by validation indicators [19]; mean error (the average difference between the measured and the estimated values) or ME; root mean square error (denotes how closely the model predicts the measured values) or RMSE; average standard error (the average of the prediction standard errors) or ASE; and root mean square standardized error (if the root-mean-squared standardized error is greater than one, the variability in predictions is underestimating) or RMSSE calculated. …”

“…In linear multi-regression, the estimated relation is calculated by determining the equation that minimizes the sum of the squared distances between the temperature and elevation points and the estimated rainfall values. Equation (19) examines the relationship between temperature (monthly, seasonal and annual) and rainfall with a determination correlation (R-squared) of about 63.89%. In order to analyze the temperature effects on rainfall, the forecasted regression model needs to be used and the following equation is used: (19) where, Tem is the temperature, JAN is the January month, FEB is the February month, MAR is the March month, and ANNUAL is the annual temperature.…”

Estimation of flash flood using surface water model and GIS technique in Wadi El Azariq, East Sinai, Egypt

“…Bishop et al, (2002) reported that the Hypsometric integral (HI) is an important parameters and is relating to the relief characteristics of the drainage basin, and is expressing the rate of erosion with the geologic history. HI is calculated according to Hurtrez et al, (1999), Chorley & Morley (1959); Haan & Johnson (1966), Singh et al, (2008) and Masoud 2014 and2015 and it ranges between 0 and 1. Calculated HI value of Wadi El Azariq is equal to 0.28 which could be consider as a low value and it designates mature to old basin influenced by erosion and tectonic effects with moderate potentiality of surface runoff accumulation and partially groundwater recharge.…”

“…The effective nine parameters were selected and analyzed for flash flood hazard degree assessment according to (Davis 1975), and (Masoud 2014 and2015), by the following Eqs. 1 and 2 as shown in Table 3.…”

“…5) as reported by Masoud (2015). WMS creates the storage capacity curves by starting at the outlet elevation and incrementing the elevation by the number of definite divisions till the specific water surface elevation (Dam) is achieved.…”