Implant-Associated Infections: A Review of the Safety of Cardiac Implants

Kandi, Venkataramana; Vadakedath, Sabitha

doi:10.7759/cureus.12267

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…However, depending on the type and location of the implant, other species can be found, namely Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Enterococcus spp., Candida spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae [ 11 , 12 ]. Once adhered to the implant surface, the microorganisms form either single- or multi-species biofilms, which are typically less susceptible to antimicrobial treatment [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms

Oliveira

Gomes

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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The increasing incidence of implant-associated infections has prompted the development of effective strategies to prevent biofilm formation on these devices. In this work, pristine graphene nanoplatelet/polydimethylsiloxane (GNP/PDMS) surfaces containing different GNP loadings (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt%) were produced and evaluated on their ability to mitigate biofilm development. After GNP loading optimization, the most promising surface was tested against single- and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiofilm activity of GNP/PDMS surfaces was determined by the quantification of total, viable, culturable, and viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells, as well as by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results showed that 5 wt% GNP loading reduced the number of total (57%), viable (69%), culturable (55%), and VBNC cells (85%) of S. aureus biofilms compared to PDMS. A decrease of 25% in total cells and about 52% in viable, culturable, and VBNC cells was observed for P. aeruginosa biofilms. Dual-species biofilms demonstrated higher resistance to the antimicrobial activity of GNP surfaces, with lower biofilm cell reductions (of up to 29% when compared to single-species biofilms). Still, the effectiveness of these surfaces in suppressing single- and dual-species biofilm formation was confirmed by CLSM analysis, where a decrease in biofilm biovolume (83% for S. aureus biofilms and 42% for P. aeruginosa and dual-species biofilms) and thickness (on average 72%) was obtained. Overall, these results showed that pristine GNPs dispersed into the PDMS matrix were able to inhibit biofilm growth, being a starting point for the fabrication of novel surface coatings based on functionalized GNP/PDMS composites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms

Oliveira

Gomes

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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“…Implantable medical devices (IMDs), such as prosthetic joints and catheters, have been widely used in the medical field for both diagnosis and therapeutic purposes [ 1 , 2 ]. In recent years, the number of implanted medical devices has increased significantly with the aging population and the growing occurrence of comorbidities [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Chitosan-Based Surfaces to Prevent Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

et al. 2021

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Implantable medical devices (IMDs) are susceptible to microbial adhesion and biofilm formation, which lead to several clinical complications, including the occurrence of implant-associated infections. Polylactic acid (PLA) and its composites are currently used for the construction of IMDs. In addition, chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer that has been widely used in the medical field due to its antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties, which can be dependent on molecular weight (Mw). The present study aims to evaluate the performance of CS-based surfaces of different Mw to inhibit bacterial biofilm formation. For this purpose, CS-based surfaces were produced by dip-coating and the presence of CS and its derivatives onto PLA films, as well surface homogeneity were confirmed by contact angle measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antimicrobial activity of the functionalized surfaces was evaluated against single- and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chitosan-based surfaces were able to inhibit the development of single- and dual-species biofilms by reducing the number of total, viable, culturable, and viable but nonculturable cells up to 79%, 90%, 81%, and 96%, respectively, being their activity dependent on chitosan Mw. The effect of CS-based surfaces on the inhibition of biofilm formation was corroborated by biofilm structure analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), which revealed a decrease in the biovolume and thickness of the biofilm formed on CS-based surfaces compared to PLA. Overall, these results support the potential of low Mw CS for coating polymeric devices such as IMDs where the two bacteria tested are common colonizers and reduce their biofilm formation.

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“…However, it has been reported that metallic implants have disadvantages, such as foreign body reactions with surrounding tissues, infection, and inflammatory reactions caused by micro-organisms in the oral cavity after implantation [ 5 , 6 ]. In recent research on GBR membranes, prevention of bacterial infection, wound healing, and induction of bone regeneration after GBR surgery were found to be very important factors for the success of the surgery [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Biofunctionalization by Loading Manuka Oil on TiO2 Nanotubes

Kim

Jang

et al. 2022

Nanomaterials

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Metallic implants (mesh) for guided bone regeneration can result in foreign body reactions with surrounding tissues, infection, and inflammatory reactions caused by micro-organisms in the oral cavity after implantation. This study aimed to reduce the possibility of surgical failure caused by microbial infection by loading antibacterial manuka oil in a biocompatible nanostructure surface on Ti and to induce stable bone regeneration in the bone defect. The manuka oil from New Zealand consisted of a rich β-triketone chemotype, leptospermone, which showed strong inhibitory effects against several bacteria, even at very low oil concentrations. The TiO2 nanotubular layer formed by anodization effectively enhanced the surface hydrophilicity, bioactivity, and fast initial bone regeneration. A concentration of manuka oil in the range of 0.02% to less than 1% can have a synergistic effect on antibacterial activity and excellent biocompatibility. A manuka oil coating (especially with a concentration of 0.5%) on the TiO2 nanotube layer can be expected not only to prevent stenosis of the connective tissue around the mesh and inflammation by microbial infection but also to be effective in stable and rapid bone regeneration.

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Implant-Associated Infections: A Review of the Safety of Cardiac Implants

Cited by 14 publications

References 43 publications

Performance of Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms

Performance of Graphene/Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms

Development of Chitosan-Based Surfaces to Prevent Single- and Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Enhancement of Biofunctionalization by Loading Manuka Oil on TiO2 Nanotubes

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