Impaired extra-dimensional shift performance in medicated and unmedicated Parkinson's disease: Evidence for a specific attentional dysfunction

Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account

“…These response reversal impairments can be found, amongst others, in several studies of Newman and colleagues who propose a septohippocampal model to explain failures in the response modulation of goal-oriented action (Newman & Lorenz, 2002). The parallels between psychopathy and acquired psychopathy are based on the similarity of their performances on the Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994; see also Bechara this issue), and the Intradimensional/extradimensional shift task (Downes et al, 1989). However, in considering the limitations of an OFC account of psychopathy, Blair and colleagues note that the characteristics of psychopathy and patients with OFC lesions do not overlap entirely.…”

“…Finally the empirical bases of an OFC account of psychopathy rely mainly but not exclusively on the Iowa Gambling Task (Bechara et al, 1994), and the Reversal Learning phase of the Intradimensional/extradimensional shift task (Downes et al, 1989). Both tasks have recently been shown not to be sensitive to lesions circumscribed to the OFC in the way it had been thought previously (Manes et al, 2002).…”

A preliminary investigation into the effects of antipsychotics on sub-chronic phencyclidine-induced deficits in attentional set-shifting in female rats

“…It investigates the ability to learn a rule and form an attentional set within the same sorting category (intra-dimensional shift (IDS), as well as the ability to shift attentional set between different sorting categories (extra-dimensional shift (EDS). Analysis of the ID/ED task (from the CANTAB computerised test battery; [15]) in patients with schizophrenia has revealed significant impairments in the EDS phase [57].…”

Profiles of Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Amphetamine and Heroin Abusers

“…Patients with frontal lobe lesions present with cognitive function deficits in tests of working memory, attentional set-shifting, planning ability and strategic learning (Shallice 1982;Owen et al 1995aOwen et al , 1990Owen et al , 1991Milner 1963). Similarly, patients with Parkinson disease exhibit deficits in tests of 'frontal function' (Downes et al 1989;Owen et al 1992Owen et al , 1993, which are exaggerated by L-Dopa withdrawal, suggesting an involvement of brain dopamine systems Owen et al 1995a). Currently, there is considerable debate as to the extent to which such executive functions might be dissociable and subject to differential modulation by ascending neurotransmitter systems (Robbins 1996).…”

“…Tests shown to be sensitive to fronto-striatal or temporal lobe damage were employed from a standardized and computerised neuropsychological test battery (CANTAB) (Robbins et al 1994 together with other related variants (Iddon et al 1998;Owen et al 1995a). The CANTAB battery has been used in a wide variety of relevant patient groups, including patients with neurosurgical excisions of the prefrontal cortex or temporal lobe (Owen et al 1995b), basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's (e.g., Downes et al 1989;Owen et al 1992), and Huntington's disease (e.g., Lawrence et al 1996), as well as depression, schizophrenia (Elliott et al 1998), and dementia (Sahakian et al 1988). The battery has also been previously employed in psychopharmacological Elliott et al 1997;Robbins et al 1998) and toxicological (Maruff et al 1998) investigations.…”