“…LMPs are normally implemented to increase productivity of the land or to reduce degradation associated with human activities. Through land management, humans can also change the resilience of ecosystems (Alados et al, 2011;Crépin, Biggs, Polasky, Troell, & de Zeeuw, 2012;Folke et al, 2010;Jucker Riva, Liniger, Valdecantos, & Schwilch, 2016): Successful LMPs can make it more difficult for an ecosystem to reach a critical threshold (e.g., reducing the frequency of fires in a forest area prevents a shift to shrub-dominated vegetation). Further, LMPs can reduce the impact of disturbances (e.g., increasing vegetation reduces erosion during torrential rainfall) or directly move the system towards a more stable configuration (e.g., afforestation after a fire in case of failed spontaneous recovery).…”