Impacts of gasoline aromatic and ethanol levels on the emissions from GDI vehicles: Part 2. Influence on particulate matter, black carbon, and nanoparticle emissions

Yang, Jiacheng; Roth, Patrick; Zhu, Hanwei; Durbin, Thomas D.; Karavalakis, Georgios

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.144

Cited by 50 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Most of the PM emitted by GDI vehicles is found to be EC (on average 80%; range: 45-95%). The high EC content is consistent since the introduction of GDIs in the markets: from early 2000s [93,95] to 2010s [94,100,[102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109]. The vehicle to vehicle variability masks any influence of test cycle, position of the injectors (side or top), or fuel injection strategy (stratified or stoichiometric) on the relative contribution of EC to PM.…”

Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The following studies were considered in the figures of the main text. Figure 1 (upper panel): PM PFI: [42,91,[93][94][95][96]100,101,121, Figure 1 (lower panel): PM GDI: [37,42,51,68,74,[93][94][95]100,[102][103][104][105][106]108,109,120,121,132,[157][158][159][160][161][162][163][165][166][167]169,170,173,[175][176][177][178][179]181,…”

Section: Appendix Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 7: As Figure 6. Figure A1: Total PN [93,95,104,105,108,109,150,158,[161][162][163]170,195,204,212,226,248,[271][272][273][274]…”

Section: Appendix Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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The particulate matter (PM) emissions of gasoline vehicles were much lower than those of diesel vehicles until the introduction of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in the early 2000s. At the same time, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines started to become popular in the market due to their improved efficiency over port fuel injection (PFI) ones. However, the PM mass and number emissions of GDI vehicles were higher than their PFI counterparts and diesel ones equipped with DPFs. Stringent PM mass levels and the introduction of particle number limits for GDI vehicles in the European Union (EU) resulted in significant PM reductions. The EU requirement to fulfill the proposed limits on the road resulted to the introduction of gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) in EU GDI models. This review summarizes the evolution of PM mass emissions from gasoline vehicles placed in the market from early 1990s until 2019 in different parts of the world. The analysis then extends to total and nonvolatile particle number emissions. Care is given to reveal the impact of ambient temperature on emission levels. The discussion tries to provide scientific input to the following policy-relevant questions. Whether particle number limits should be extended to gasoline PFI vehicles, whether the lower limit of 23 nm for particle number measurements should be decreased to 10 nm, and whether low ambient temperature tests for PM should be included.

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Section: Chemical Compositionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Appendix Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

et al. 2019

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“…In gasoline engines, however, laws and protocols have not been set up for PM emission. Due to its adverse effect on the human respiratory system, the attention to enact regulations of PM emission in gasoline engines has raised recently [123][124][125][126][127][128]. Generally, the use of butanol has successfully decreased the Particle Number (PN) emissions in SI engine.…”

Section: Particulate Matter (Pm) Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Veza¹,

Said²,

Latiff³

2020

IJAME

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Several studies on ethanol as a biofuel have been comprehensively carried out. Today, a growing interest in longer chain alcohols has emerged due to their favourable physical and thermodynamic properties. Butanol or butyl alcohol with 4-carbon structure (C4H9OH) is a more promising biofuel as it outweighs methanol and ethanol in several ways. The production cost of butanol has been gradually reduced, and rapid progress in the development of its production technology has allowed butanol to be produced more effectively. However, studies on the effect of butanol on gasoline or spark ignition (SI) engines are not as comprehensive as the abundant research of ethanol. This paper highlights recent novelty and contribution of butanol addition in SI engine. Results of new approaches on the engine’s performance, combustion and emission characteristics are summarised. Reviews from this paper suggest that there are some gaps in the addition of butanol found in the literature. Thus, several encounters and forthcoming research directions are outlined in the final section of this review article, highlighting several possible contributions that have not yet been carried out using butanol as a biofuel in a gasoline engine.

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“…Increasing from E10 to E25 can also contribute to cleaner air by reducing evaporative emissions (McCormick et al 2014;Andersen et al 2010). Furthermore, E15 and E25 could help to reduce tailpipe pollutants-especially, nonmethane hydrocarbons, 1-3 butadiene, benzene, and particulate matter (Anderson et al 2014), as long as the base gasoline does not have a high level of aromatics (Yang et al 2019).…”

Section: Benefits Of Ethanolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis

Johnson

Milbrandt

Zhang

et al. 2020

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Impacts of gasoline aromatic and ethanol levels on the emissions from GDI vehicles: Part 2. Influence on particulate matter, black carbon, and nanoparticle emissions

Cited by 50 publications

References 50 publications

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review

Improved Performance, Combustion and Emissions of SI Engine Fuelled with Butanol: A Review

Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis

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