Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources and Load Models on Conservation Voltage Reduction

Lawanson, Tumininu; Karandeh, Roozbeh; Cecchi, Valentina; Kling, Andrew

doi:10.1109/psc.2018.8664059

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In [23] , the authors discuss the impact of load models on the distribution system when implementing CVR for energy conservation. Using the exponential load model, constant PQ and constant impedance (Z) models are considered.…”

Section: Stage I Inventory Existing Zip Load Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework to Develop Time- and Voltage-Dependent Building Load Profiles Using Polynomial Load Models

et al. 2021

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The power consumption of buildings over the course of each minute, hour, day and season plays a major role in how this load influences the Electric Power System voltage and frequency, and vice versa. This consumption is based on the building's load component types, efficiencies, and how they consume power and react to changes in real time. Due to this complexity, standard full-building load models are typically voltage-invariant. This paper proposes a novel framework to transform these voltage-invariant building load models into fully time-and voltage-dependent load profiles using available data on the voltage sensitivity of individual load components. While a voltage-dependent building model could theoretically be generated from static load models of every component in a building, this approach faces two challenges: first, load models representing all load components are impractical to develop for all possible load component types; second, building energy consumption is never measured or modeled at the individual component level. The proposed framework compiles available component data in the form of static ZIP load model parameters, and maps them into the end use categories utilized by standard building modeling programs. The voltage sensitivity of each end use category is then bounded by the extrema of the component models within it. This framework is applied to a load profile case study representing the aggregate U.S. residential building stock. In addition to the minimum/ maximum conditions, a load profile based on typical load composition and weighted ZIP parameters is generated for the same building stock. The results show that for a 10% drop in voltage, using the least sensitive ZIP parameters, active power is expected to be 3% to 14% lower than nominal, depending on the season and time of day. Using the most sensitive ZIP parameters, the active power is expected to be 9% to 20% lower than nominal, also depending on the season and time of day.

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Section: Stage I Inventory Existing Zip Load Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Framework to Develop Time- and Voltage-Dependent Building Load Profiles Using Polynomial Load Models

et al. 2021

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“…The authors of [10] analyzed two weeks of randomly generated data for the IEEE 13-bus system and concluded that the high penetration of DERs can negate the benefits of CVR. Similarly, the authors in [11] used a test system to arrive at a similar conclusion but extended the analysis to different load compositions. The authors of [12] characterized how DERs can improve the power quality of systems where CVR is implemented, resulting in potentially more aggressive CVR settings without compromising power quality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…CVR, while being an obvious contender to reduce energy consumption, is not an intuitive application, because in most distribution systems the wire owner will try to boost the voltage to account for voltage drop due to line losses, representing a fine balance that can only be achieved if carefully planned and executed. With the increasing penetration of DERs, however, researchers have noted the potential interaction of CVR and DERs, as presented in [10][11][12]. The authors of [10] analyzed two weeks of randomly generated data for the IEEE 13-bus system and concluded that the high penetration of DERs can negate the benefits of CVR.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different levels of CVR settings are used and the impact on the hosting capacity is assessed (i.e., how much DERs can output) with the implementation of smart inverter functions (voltage-reactive power (Volt-VAR) and voltage-active power (Volt-Watt) are used). In addition, as with [10,11], this paper also assesses the impact of the mass adoption of DERs on the effectiveness of CVR. The main focus of this paper is the strategy employed, which results in very striking conclusions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing the Effect of Conservation Voltage Reduction on the Hosting Capacity of Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources

Nassif

Dong²

2020

Electronics

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The increased adoption of inverter-based distributed energy resources in the form of the mass deployment of renewable generation systems has been a focal goal of many jurisdictions worldwide. Actions taken by local governments have included adapted regulations, financial subsidies, and a variety of grants. This has spurred the proliferation of solar generation among residential customers in virtually all provinces of the United States and Canada. Needless to say, these small generators are interfaced with DC–AC inverters, which have evolved tremendously since the formation of working groups targeting the impact of inverter-based generation on the grid. Among the first rules and standards are California’s ISO Rule 21 and the UL1741 SA, which were published in September 2017. IEEE followed suit in 2018 with the revision of IEEE 1547, inspiring virtually all jurisdictions to either adopt these standards or adapt them as their own variants. Among many features, these standards mandate inverters to be fitted with autonomous performance functions, including the constant power factor, voltage-reactive power (Volt-VAR), voltage-active power (Volt-Watt), and grid support functions, as well as provisions for compatibility with control centers. These functions have been demonstrated to increase the nameplate hosting capacity. At the same time, grid modernization strategies have become more prevalent, one of which is the use of conservation voltage reduction. This grid modernization initiative has a great impact on the hosting capacity. Conversely, the increased penetration of distributed energy resources has a negative effect on the conservation voltage reduction, but surprisingly to only a limited extent. The characterization of these impacts is addressed in this paper, with a focus on a case with very high DER penetration and with very long daily sunlight hours.

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Coordinated Control for Frequency Regulation in a Stand-Alone Microgrid Bolstering Demand Side Management Capability

Chakraborty

Arvind

Kumar

2021

Electric Power Components and Systems

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Impacts of Distributed Energy Resources and Load Models on Conservation Voltage Reduction

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Framework to Develop Time- and Voltage-Dependent Building Load Profiles Using Polynomial Load Models

Framework to Develop Time- and Voltage-Dependent Building Load Profiles Using Polynomial Load Models

Characterizing the Effect of Conservation Voltage Reduction on the Hosting Capacity of Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources

Coordinated Control for Frequency Regulation in a Stand-Alone Microgrid Bolstering Demand Side Management Capability

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