Framework to Develop Time- and Voltage-Dependent Building Load Profiles Using Polynomial Load Models

Abstract

The power consumption of buildings over the course of each minute, hour, day and season plays a major role in how this load influences the Electric Power System voltage and frequency, and vice versa. This consumption is based on the building's load component types, efficiencies, and how they consume power and react to changes in real time. Due to this complexity, standard full-building load models are typically voltage-invariant. This paper proposes a novel framework to transform these voltage-invariant building load models into fully time-and voltage-dependent load profiles using available data on the voltage sensitivity of individual load components. While a voltage-dependent building model could theoretically be generated from static load models of every component in a building, this approach faces two challenges: first, load models representing all load components are impractical to develop for all possible load component types; second, building energy consumption is never measured or modeled at the individual component level. The proposed framework compiles available component data in the form of static ZIP load model parameters, and maps them into the end use categories utilized by standard building modeling programs. The voltage sensitivity of each end use category is then bounded by the extrema of the component models within it. This framework is applied to a load profile case study representing the aggregate U.S. residential building stock. In addition to the minimum/ maximum conditions, a load profile based on typical load composition and weighted ZIP parameters is generated for the same building stock. The results show that for a 10% drop in voltage, using the least sensitive ZIP parameters, active power is expected to be 3% to 14% lower than nominal, depending on the season and time of day. Using the most sensitive ZIP parameters, the active power is expected to be 9% to 20% lower than nominal, also depending on the season and time of day.

Advanced dynamic stability system developed for nonlinear load

“…When the traditional static load models are not sufficient to represent the load behavior, the alternative dynamic load models are needed [19], [20]. The study of this model allows to have a very detailed idea on the network in real time [21]. In this axis, we aim at the load model depending on the variation of the frequency [5], [20].…”

“…ZIP model is commonly used in both steady state and dynamic studies [21]. This model represents the relationship between the voltage magnitudes and power in a polynomial equation that combines constant impedance (Z), current (I), and power (P) components [22]- [24].…”

“…In Table 1 we present the main load models with the parameters, advantages and disadvantages of each model [27], [28]. The dynamic load model is based on the variation of voltage and frequency [21], [40]. We need the instantaneous values of the voltages and the frequencies so that we can have the new values of the active and reactive powers of demand [29]- [31].…”

Impact of line length, EV and PV on LV Grid topology identification based on voltage correlation

“…In order to assess sensitivity of our approach to major Grid-related drivers, we conduct a comprehensive experimental plan with realistic detailed Grid simulation models developed under MATLAB SIMULINK®. They rely on aggregated ZIP load profile models generated using the framework proposed in [8]. The approach is coupled with reports such as [9] describing the spread of various appliances for different types of consumers (residential, industries, commercial, etc.).…”