“…Surface runoff in mined areas needs to be better studied because the precision of estimates about the total runoff after mining, especially in Brazil, is low (Evans et al, 2015; Loch, 2000; Martín‐Moreno et al, 2016). Runoff in surface mines, mainly in China, the United States, and Spain, has been evaluated in field experiments with simulated plots in situ (Gomez‐Gonzalez et al, 2016) and natural rain conditions (Merino‐Martín, Moreno‐de las Heras, Pérez‐Domingo, Espigares, & Nicolau, 2012), or with estimates based on precipitation data (Liang et al, 2019; Taylor, Agouridis, Warner, & Barton, 2009). Empirical modeling methods are used (Nigam et al, 2017); however, field data obtained before and after the mining activities are required to estimate runoff water losses (Carroll, Merton, & Burger, 2000).…”