“…Third, our understanding of tolerance limits to biomechanical load has improved significantly through the use of in vitro and in vivo animal models and finite element modeling techniques (Callaghan and McGill, 2001;Lotz and Chin, 2000;Natarajan et al, 1994;Panjabi et al, 1985;Rempel and Abrahamsson, 2001; Shirazi-Adl, 1991; Videman et al, 1990; Cutlip et al, 2004Cutlip et al, , 2005Cutlip et al, , 2006; Barr and Barbe, 2004;Barbe and Barr, 2006;Barbe et al, 2003;Baker et al, 2006aBaker et al, ,b, 2007Geronilla et al, 2003). We have begun to understand the tissue deterioration process due to occupational loading (Adams, 1988;Adams et al, 2000;Callaghan and McGill, 2001;Hutton et al, 2000;Lotz and Chin, 2000;Natarajan et al, 1994;ViikariJuntura and Silverstein, 1999;Barr and Barbe, 2004).…”