Impact of seasonality on the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia infections among the aborigines

Noradilah, Samseh Abdullah; Moktar, Norhayati; Lee, Ii Li; Salleh, Farrahshaida Mohd; Anuar, Tengku Shahrul

doi:10.4103/1995-7645.262075

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…21 Considering the influence of different factors on the prevalence of giardiasis, a study was conducted to examine the effect of seasons on the prevalence of infection and it was reported that it ranged from 8.29% in dry seasons to 12.10% in wet seasons. 22 Studies in Iran and other parts of the world suggest that due to increased health care services in communities, the prevalence of giardiasis has not decreased. In addition, factors such as the immune system, weather, and population density may also play a role in infecting people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Giardiasis Symptoms in Patients Referred to Health Care Centers in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran, 2017-2018

Raissi

Zibaei

Aliabadi

et al. 2019

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: There are many pathogenic intestinal parasites in humans, one of which is Giardia lamblia. This parasite has a variety of clinical symptoms in individuals. Poor health, weather conditions, and inappropriate lifestyle are all factors contributing to the high incidence of giardiasis. Objective: Based on factors influencing the prevalence of giardiasis in the region, this study was performed on subjects referred to Zahedan health care centers. Materials and Methods: A total of 671 stool specimens of subjects who referred between March 2017 and October 2018 were examined using direct and formalin ether concentration techniques. All demographic and clinical data in questionnaires were recorded. Data were analyzed using X2 test to determine any differences in the prevalence of giardiasis and clinical symptoms between different age groups. Results: Of 671 samples, 346 (51.1%) were positive. The most common complaint among participants was abdominal pain (64.1%), followed by diarrhea (53.7%), abdominal cramps (44.7%), nausea (32.6%), weight loss (30.9%), anorexia (26.8%), headache (22.2%), fatigue (14.1%), and fever (13.2%). Most of the clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, abdominal cramp, weight loss, and headache were reported in females, and the results of chi-square test showed a significant difference (P<0.05). The age group of 1-12 years had the highest percentage of infection (49.42%). The data indicated that the highest rate of infection was observed in this group, showing a significant difference in comparison with other age groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in addition to health education, preventing the transmission of parasites to children would also be necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Giardiasis Symptoms in Patients Referred to Health Care Centers in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran, 2017-2018

Raissi

Zibaei

Aliabadi

et al. 2019

Int J Enteric Pathog

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“…Meanwhile, seasonal trend has also been linked to giardiasis where the case percentage is higher during wet season as compared to dry season. Heavy flood may have drained Giardia parasites from the environmental surfaces hence lower the risk of acquiring giardiasis during the dry season ( Noradilah et al, 2019 ). Meanwhile, the contamination of rivers and lakes by Giardia could have been contributed by domestic and wild animals, while in areas with basic facilities of piped water supply, electricity, and toilets, this could have been due to contaminated water supplies, unhygienic lifestyle, and overpopulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current state of infection and prevalence of giardiasis in Malaysia: a review of 20 years of research

Roshidi

Hassan

Hadi

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Giardiasis is a neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Giardia duodenalis that is often overlooked despite the damage inflicted upon humans and domestic/wild animals. Lack of surveillance studies, low sensitivity of diagnostic tools, and resistance to giardiasis treatment add to the challenge in managing giardiasis, leaving a gap that continues to render giardiasis a silent threat to public health worldwide. This situation is not much different in Malaysia, where giardiasis remains a public health problem, especially in the indigenous communities. Realizing the existence of gaps in the literature and information on giardiasis in Malaysia, this review aims to revisit and update the situation of giardiasis in Malaysia based on articles published in 20 years from 2000 to 2020, providing estimates on the incidence of giardiasis in humans, animals, and the environment, which may inform efforts to prevent and control the impact of giardiasis in the country. Methodology We searched PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus using MeSH terms and text keywords “Giardia duodenalis OR Giardia intestinalis OR Giardia lamblia OR intestinal protozoa AND Malaysia”. Information was collected from all giardiasis reports published between 2000 and 2020. Results Giardiasis in Malaysia is more prevalent among the poorest segments of the population, namely the indigenous communities and people living in densely populated areas such as slums and prisons, due to low standard of personal hygiene, unsafe water resources, and improper sanitation. While the prevalence data is hugely dependent on microscopic fecal examination in epidemiological studies of giardiasis, current studies mostly focused on species identification and genotype distribution by multilocus genotyping. Thus far, the outbreak of giardiasis has not been reported in the country, but the disease was found to be significantly associated with stunting, wasting, and malnutrition among children of the indigenous communities. Surveillance studies also discovered the simultaneous presence of Giardia in the animal-environments, including wild animals, ruminants, and treated and untreated water. The data collected here will be a useful addition to the literature body on giardiasis in Malaysia, which can be exploited in efforts to prevent and control the impact of giardiasis in the country. Conclusions The last 10 years have shown that the overall mean rate of giardiasis in Malaysia is quite encouraging at 13.7%. While this figure appears to be declining, there has been a slight increase in the prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting among rural children in 2019. The fact that giardiasis is linked to long-term childhood developmental problems, indicates that addressing and providing better disease control against giardiasis should be a priority in supporting the national agenda to achieve Malaysia Global Nutrition Targets by 2025.

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Giardia duodenalis

Ortega

Raad

2022

Encyclopedia of Infection and Immunity

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Impact of seasonality on the prevalence and risk factors of Giardia lamblia infections among the aborigines

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Survey of Giardiasis Symptoms in Patients Referred to Health Care Centers in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran, 2017-2018

Survey of Giardiasis Symptoms in Patients Referred to Health Care Centers in Zahedan, South-Eastern Iran, 2017-2018

Current state of infection and prevalence of giardiasis in Malaysia: a review of 20 years of research

Giardia duodenalis

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