“…The accumulation of these seemingly petty encounters can be a chronic stressor that erodes Asian Americans' coping resources and abilities, subsequently affecting their overall well-being. Indeed, available research findings have indicated the adverse effects of racism influence every aspect of Asian Americans' lives, including their physical and mental health outcomes and rates of substance abuse (Ahmed, Mohammed, & Williams, 2007;Brondolo, Gallo, & Myers, 2009;Chae, Takeuchi, Barbeau, Bennett, Lindsey, Stoddard, et al, 2008;Evans-Campbell, Lincoln, & Takeuchi, 2007;Gee et al, 2009;Kim et al, 2012;Liang et al, 2010;Okazaki, 2009;Spencer, Chen, Gee, Fabian, & Takeuchi, 2010;Yip et al, 2008). However, a plausible alternative explanation is that experiencing more RDEs leads to greater critical ethnic awareness of the social injustices regularly endured by Asian Americans.…”