Impact of protein and carbohydrate supplementation on plasma volume expansion and thermoregulatory adaptation by aerobic training in older men

Okazaki, Kazunobu; Ichinose, Takashi; Mitono, Hiroyuki; Chen, Mian; Masuki, Shizue; Endoh, Hiroshi; Hayase, Hideki; Doi, Tatsuya; Nosé, Hiroshi

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91265.2008

Cited by 53 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In healthy, young men, long-term protein supplementation increased the maximal oxygen uptake more than supplementation with carbohydrate or placebo alone (7). Similar results were found in older men (17) and in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (15), which is encouraging for conducting long-term trials in patients with muscular dystrophies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Protein-carbohydrate supplements improve muscle protein balance in muscular dystrophy patients after endurance exercise: a placebo-controlled crossover study

Andersen

Ørngreen

Preisler

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Andersen G, Ørngreen MC, Preisler N, Jeppesen TD, Krag TO, Hauerslev S, van Hall G, Vissing J. Protein-carbohydrate supplements improve muscle protein balance in muscular dystrophy patients after endurance exercise: a placebo-controlled crossover study. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 308: R123-R130, 2015. First published November 19, 2014 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00321.2014.-In healthy individuals, postexercise protein supplementation increases muscle protein anabolism. In patients with muscular dystrophies, aerobic exercise improves muscle function, but the effect of exercise on muscle protein balance is unknown. Therefore, we investigated 1) muscle protein balance before, during, and after exercise and 2) the effect of postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation on muscle protein balance in patients with muscular dystrophies. In 17 patients [7 women and 10 men, aged 33 Ϯ 11 yr (18 -52), body mass index: 22 Ϯ 3 kg/m 2 (16 -26)] and 8 healthy matched controls [3 women and 5 men, age 33 Ϯ 13 years (19 -54), body mass index: 23 Ϯ 3 kg/m 2 (19 -27)], muscle protein synthesis, breakdown, and fractional synthesis rates (FSR) were measured across the leg using tracer dilution methodology on two occasions, with and without oral postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation. In patients, muscle protein breakdown increased in the recovery period (11 Ϯ 1 mol phenylalanine/min) vs. rest (8 Ϯ 1 mol phenylalanine/min, P ϭ 0.02), enhancing net muscle protein loss. In contrast, postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation reduced protein breakdown, abolished net muscle protein loss, and increased the muscle FSR in patients (0.04 to 0.06%/h; P ϭ 0.03). In conclusion, postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation reduces skeletal mixed-muscle protein breakdown, enhances FSR, resulting in a reduced net muscle loss in patients with muscular dystrophies. The findings suggest that postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation could be an important add-on to exercise training therapy in muscular dystrophies, and long-term studies of postexercise protein-carbohydrate supplementation are warranted in these conditions. endurance exercise; protein-carbohydrate supplementation; muscle protein metabolism; muscular dystrophy THE MOST COMMON INHERITED muscular dystrophies in adults are myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2 I (LGMD2I), which primarily affect skeletal muscle with clinical manifestations of progressive muscle wasting and weakness. No curative treatment exists, but a number of nonspecific, symptomatic treatments are available. Regular cycle exercise at moderate intensity has been shown to be safe and improve fitness and self-reported daily activity levels (18,19,25,26), but muscle protein metabolism during exercise is unknown in these disorders.In healthy individuals, exercise induces an initial net muscle protein breakdown (22), which increases intramuscular concentration of amino acid...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Protein-carbohydrate supplements improve muscle protein balance in muscular dystrophy patients after endurance exercise: a placebo-controlled crossover study

Andersen

Ørngreen

Preisler

et al. 2015

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…As there were no differences in age, body mass, height or predicted aerobic capacity between the groups (Table 1) the reduction in thermal strain is unlikely to be related to disparities in anthropometric or fitness characteristics. Goto et al (2007) and Okazaki et al (2009) have recently reported that combined CHO-PRO supplementation during a period of aerobic training resulted in a significant improvement in the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory capacities of both young and old healthy males. The authors suggested that these effects were mediated by a CHO-PRO-induced increase in albumin synthesis and plasma albumin content, which resulted in a fluid shift from the interstitial to the intravascular space and an ensuing expansion in plasma volume.…”

Section: Or Negatively Affected (Toone and Bettsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combined carbohydrate–protein supplementation improves competitive endurance exercise performance in the heat

et al. 2011

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Laboratory-based studies have demonstrated that adding protein (PRO) to a carbohydrate (CHO) supplement can improve thermoregulatory capacity, exercise performance and recovery. However, no study has investigated these effects in a competitive sporting context. This study assessed the effects of combined CHO-PRO supplementation on physiological responses and exercise performance during 8 days of strenuous competition in a hot environment. Twenty-eight cyclists participating in the TransAlp mountain bike race were randomly assigned to fitness-matched placebo (PLA 76 g L(-1) CHO) or CHO-PRO (18 g L(-1) PRO, 72 g L(-1) CHO) groups. Participants were given enough supplements to allow ad libitum consumption. Physiological and anthropometric variables were recorded pre- and post-exercise. Body mass decreased significantly from race stage 1 to 8 in the PLA group (-0.75 ± 0.22 kg, P = 0.01) but did not change in the CHO-PRO group (0.42 ± 0.42 kg, P = 0.35). Creatine kinase concentration and muscle soreness were substantially elevated during the race, but were not different between groups (P = 0.82, P = 0.44, respectively). Urine osmolality was significantly higher in the CHO-PRO versus the PLA group (P = 0.04) and the rise in tympanic temperature from pre- to post-exercise was significantly less in CHO-PRO versus PLA (P = 0.01). The CHO-PRO group also completed the 8 stages significantly quicker than the PLA group (2,277 ± 127 vs. 2,592 ± 68 min, respectively, P = 0.02). CHO-PRO supplementation therefore appears to prevent body mass loss, enhance thermoregulatory capacity and improve competitive exercise performance despite no effect on muscle damage.

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“…In individuals consuming protein and CHO, Alb cont and PV increased by 6%, and these increases were accompanied by enhanced sensitivities of SkBF and sweat rate (18 and 80%, respectively) to increased T es . In contrast, they remained unchanged in individuals taking the placebo immediately after exercise [89].…”

Section: Effects Of Exercise Training On Thermoregulation In the Eldementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Okazaki et al [89] further determined the effects of protein and CHO intake just after exercise on PV and thermoregulatory responses during 8 weeks of aerobic training under cool to thermoneutral conditions in elderly individuals. In individuals consuming protein and CHO, Alb cont and PV increased by 6%, and these increases were accompanied by enhanced sensitivities of SkBF and sweat rate (18 and 80%, respectively) to increased T es .…”

Section: Effects Of Exercise Training On Thermoregulation In the Eldementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, this enhanced sensitivity associated with a 10% increase in stroke volume during exercise [89]. Consequently, the improved PV expansion response induced by exercise along with post-exercise protein and CHO intake enhances the attenuated increase in cardiovascular and thermoregulatory capacity in elderly individuals compared with young counterparts.…”

Section: Diabetes and Its Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body Temperature Regulation During Exercise and Hyperthermia in Diabetics

Takeda¹,

Okazaki²

2018

Diabetes and Its Complications

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Thermoregulatory function, that is, heat dissipative responses such as skin blood flow (SkBF) and sweating to an increased body temperature, is critical during physical work or exercise in warm and hot conditions and during hyperthermia. Thermoregulatory function is associated with individual somatotype, fitness level, normal aging, and physiological status and diseases. Individuals with type 2 diabetes have decreased thermoregulatory responses compared with healthy counterparts, characterized by decreased SkBF and sweating. The decreased SkBF and sweating would be associated with the reduction in nitric oxide bioavailability and endothelial functions in skin vasculatures, also with central mechanisms, and so on. Aerobic exercise training and/or acclimation to the heat improve heat dissipative responses in healthy subjects. The effects of exercise training in type 2 diabetics on glycemic control are well established while it remains unclear that high levels of aerobic fitness or exercise training in diabetics improve thermoregulatory function during heat stress.

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Impact of protein and carbohydrate supplementation on plasma volume expansion and thermoregulatory adaptation by aerobic training in older men

Cited by 53 publications

References 30 publications

Protein-carbohydrate supplements improve muscle protein balance in muscular dystrophy patients after endurance exercise: a placebo-controlled crossover study

Protein-carbohydrate supplements improve muscle protein balance in muscular dystrophy patients after endurance exercise: a placebo-controlled crossover study

Combined carbohydrate–protein supplementation improves competitive endurance exercise performance in the heat

Body Temperature Regulation During Exercise and Hyperthermia in Diabetics

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