Impact of process parameters and heat treatment on fused filament fabricated PLA and PLA-CF

Pazhamannil, Ribin Varghese; Govindan, P.; Edacherian, Abhilash; Hadidi, Haitham

doi:10.1007/s12008-022-01082-x

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Thermal treatment was utilised in various studies aimed at enhancing the properties of printed parts [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. In these studies, the post-annealing enhancement in properties was attributed to the strengthening of the bonds between the traxels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

et al. 2023

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During this study, the resistivity of electrically conductive structures 3D-printed via fused filament fabrication (FFF) was investigated. Electrical resistivity characterisation was performed on various structural levels of the whole 3D-printed body, starting from the single traxel (3D-printed single track element), continuing with monolayer and multilayer formation, finalising with hybrid structures of a basic nonconductive polymer and an electrically conductive one. Two commercial conductive materials were studied: Proto-Pasta and Koltron G1. It was determined that the geometry and resistivity of a single traxel influenced the resistivity of all subsequent structural elements of the printed body and affected its electrical anisotropy. In addition, the results showed that thermal postprocessing (annealing) affected the resistivity of a standalone extruded fibre (extruded filament through a printer nozzle in freefall) and traxel. The effect of Joule heating and piezoresistive properties of hybrid structures with imprinted conductive elements made from Koltron G1 were investigated. Results revealed good thermal stability within 70 °C and considerable piezoresistive response with a gauge factor of 15–25 at both low 0.1% and medium 1.5% elongations, indicating the potential of such structures for use as a heat element and strain gauge sensor in applications involving stiff materials and low elongations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Extruded fibres and traxels of Koltron G1 and Proto-Pasta were subjected to annealing, similar to [24][25][26]. In the mentioned studies, the highest effect of annealing on the The smooth cross-sectional surface of Koltron G1 specimens was not achieved even with brittle fracture.…”

Section: Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

et al. 2023

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“…Pazhamannil et al ( 2022) compared the mechanical properties and impact resistance of PETG and PLA printed by an open-source FDM printer, highlighting the superiority of PETG in terms of mechanical properties and impact resistance, particularly after post-processing treatment. 31 In conclusion, PETG exhibits promising attributes for 3D printing, encompassing excellent mechanical, morphological, and vibrational properties. The current state of research on PETG properties and influencing factors provides valuable insights into its potential applications across diverse industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and medical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical, morphological, and dimensional properties of heat-treated fused deposition modeling printed polymeric matrix of polyethylene terephthalate glycol

Kumar,

Singh,

Kumar

et al. 2023

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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This study investigates the impact of heat treatment on the mechanical, morphological, and dimensional properties of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), a commonly used thermoplastic in 3D printing. Taguchi L25 orthogonal array (OA) was employed to optimize 3D printing parameters, considering factors such as infill percentage (ranging from 20% to 100%), layer height (0.12 mm to 0.28 mm), layer width (0.32 mm to 0.62 mm), and infill pattern. Following ASTM D638 type IV standards, mechanical testing revealed that the optimal printing conditions included a 100% infill percentage, a layer height of 0.16 mm, a layer width of 0.32 mm, and an infill pattern of 5. Specimen 22, produced under these conditions, exhibited a notable stress-bearing capacity of 46.43 ± 1.394 MPa. These results are consistent with previous studies that underscored the significance of high infill percentages and finer layer dimensions in enhancing tensile properties. Subsequently, these optimized specimens were exposed to various heat treatment conditions. It was discovered that heat treatment at 85°C for 15 min yielded the most significant improvements, increasing the stress-bearing capacity to 53.462 ± 1.604 MPa, representing an impressive ∼16% enhancement compared to non-heat-treated specimens. However, this treatment also led to increased brittleness. Morphological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) further substantiated the findings. Specimens subjected to heat treatment at 85°C exhibited fewer voids and porosities than those printed with lower infill percentages and larger layer dimensions. These observations underscored the importance of adequate infill density and finer printing details for optimizing strength. Regarding dimensional stability, dimensional changes were meticulously measured after heat treatment. Notably, specimens subjected to heat treatment at or near the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PETG experienced the most significant shrinkage. Specimen 6, treated at 85°C, displayed the highest shrinkage, with length and width reductions of 133.30 ± 3.85 mm and 25.90 ± 0.87 mm, respectively.

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“…While pre‐processing operations include the design of parts, selection of filament material, arranging the proper printing direction or screen angle, 21–25 and so forth, processing operations consist of cutting, printing speed or deposition factors, bed temperature or extrusion temperature, 26–29 and so forth. Post‐processing mainly focuses on the post‐production stage and includes cleaning, machining, chemical treatment, mechanical surface treatment, and heat treatment 30–35 . It is difficult to machine the complex parts produced by 3D printers due to thin sections or corners that are not easily accessible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the influence of salt remelting process on the mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties of 3D‐printed poly(lactic acid) materials

Yilmaz,

Eyri,

Gul

et al. 2023

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In recent years, three‐dimensional (3D) printing has become the most popular of the additive manufacturing methods. This is because fused deposition modeling has many advantages over conventional manufacturing methods, such as enabling difficult‐to‐manufacture designs, producing less waste, and so forth. However, the parts produced by this method cannot be efficiently used in machine parts due to their relatively low mechanical properties. The main reason for the low mechanical properties of these parts is the poor bonding between the layers and between the fused filaments. The objective of this study is to overcome this disadvantage by implementing a heat treatment process called salt remelting. For this purpose, a remelting process was applied to 3D‐printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) samples by holding them in a pot filled with manually compressed powdered salt at 210°C for 45 min and then cooling them to room temperature in a furnace. The untreated and remelted 3D‐printed PLA samples were then characterized by tensile test, three‐point bending test, and hardness test to investigate the mechanical properties. The remelted samples exhibited improved mechanical properties compared to the untreated samples, and this result was attributed to the interlayer bonding and reduction of voids in the microstructure. These results were also consistent with the thermal and morphological analysis results.Highlights This study focuses on the characterization of salt‐remelted 3D‐printed PLA. Salt melt process parameters have been optimized for 3D‐printed PLA. Thermal, mechanical, tribological, and morphological properties were investigated. It was found that the salt remelting method had a significant improving effect on the mechanical properties.

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Impact of process parameters and heat treatment on fused filament fabricated PLA and PLA-CF

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

Electrical Resistivity of 3D-Printed Polymer Elements

Mechanical, morphological, and dimensional properties of heat-treated fused deposition modeling printed polymeric matrix of polyethylene terephthalate glycol

Investigation of the influence of salt remelting process on the mechanical, tribological, and thermal properties of 3D‐printed poly(lactic acid) materials

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