Impact of Population Growth and Climate Change on the Freshwater Resources of Lamu Island, Kenya

Okello, Cornelius; Tomasello, Bruno; Greggio, Nicolas; Wambiji, Nina; Antonellini, Marco

doi:10.3390/w7031264

Cited by 123 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Since most of the businesses were in rental structures, some were in temporary iron shelters, this could have attributed to the lack of rainwater harvesting structures as the decision to install storage is mainly by the land owners. [9] suggests that the biggest challenge to widespread rainwater harvesting, especially in the developing world, may fall at the centre of finance, followed by the volume of water depending on erratic rainfall, calling for large water storages [10], the inability to link with the other urban water components, poor public perception and quality, and a lack of commitment from the politicians.…”

Section: Water Storage Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic Rise Effect on Water Supply Systems in Urban Higher Learning Institutions; Case Study of Kenyatta University

Makokha

2019

SJE

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In the past ten years, public institutions including Kenyatta University have experienced a surge in population growth, exacerbated by a demand for higher education. The university population has increased eight times more between the year 2006-2016 leading to inadequacy in accommodation services within university premises, thus three quarters of these students reside in the neighboring areas. This study aimed at looking at the impact of this population increase on the water systems. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed; three FGDs, key informant interviews and 220 respondents were interviewed comprising of; students, households, caretakers and small business owners. The study established that 62% of the residents used water from municipal water integrated to borehole supply. There were high water shortages marked with rationing as supply was only 2-3 times a week during student peak sessions. Most residents reverted to boreholes that were sunk without following set standards. 60% stored water in locally made tanks with low storage capacity inadequate to meet demand. The respondents felt the need to have an integrated holistic approach and coordination among all relevant stakeholders including; government, management institutions, households, students, public institution administrators, and businesses in order to comprehensively manage the water resources effectively.

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Section: Water Storage Facilitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic Rise Effect on Water Supply Systems in Urban Higher Learning Institutions; Case Study of Kenyatta University

Makokha

2019

SJE

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“…Groundwater is an important alternative water resource for the development of urban and rural areas with increasing needs. Demand for fresh water is increasing due to factors such as population growth, irrigated agricultural activities, and climate change [1]. Climate change and the threat of droughts, surface-water potential, and the risk of pollution of surface waters caused by human activities such as agriculture and industrialization [2,3] necessitate the identification of alternative water resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Groundwater Potential by GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Making as a Spatial Prediction Tool: Case Study in the Tigris River Batman-Hasankeyf Sub-Basin, Turkey

Çelik

2019

Water

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The Tigris River Batman-Hasankeyf region sub-basin drainage area is in the Upper Tigris basin and lies between the area where the Batman stream joins the river and the Yanarsu stream flows into the river. Intensive agricultural activities are carried out in this region, and irrigation is generally obtained from groundwater just as it moves away from the riverfront. The study area is a valuable basin for both Turkey and the Middle East. In this study, the effectiveness of the Geographic Information System (GIS)-based multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as a spatial prediction tool was utilized in exploring the groundwater potential of the drainage area. In the analysis, eight hydrological and hydrogeological criteria were considered as influencing factors, namely, geomorphology, geology, rainfall, drainage density, slope, lineament density, land use, and soil properties. The weights of these criteria were determined through the AHP method; the Arc GIS 10.2.2 program and its submodules were used. The major findings of the study were that groundwater-potential index values of the basin were derived. Groundwater-potential-zone evaluation of the basin was obtained as follows: very poor (19%), poor (17%), moderate (34%), good (17%), very good (13%); and groundwater potential zone (GWPZ) maps of the sub-basin were created. 2 of 16 model [8]. Most of these methods are based on multivariate statistical techniques [9]. In contrast, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is considered to be a simple, effective, transparent, and reliable technique [10]. The AHP method is easy to identify in a useful way by integrating geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data. Groundwater parameters such as precipitation, aquifers, land use, and soil type can easily be defined as spatial data in a GIS environment. Thus, the method is very useful for identifying potential groundwater areas and is well-suited for the useful identification of groundwater-potential regions [11][12][13]. AHP is an approach that was developed by Thomas L. Saaty in the early 1980s [14]. It was developed with planned criteria according to a certain stage, evaluating the weights of these criteria, and comparing the criteria with other similar studies [15,16]. It is possible and preferable to determine hydrological and hydrogeological parameters that influence groundwater formation and their effects on groundwater formation and generate potential groundwater maps with GIS-based Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. GIS-based multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) has been extensively used in the field of hydrological and water resources [16,17]. It has gained popularity in the last decade as it provides GIS-based mapping [18].Most current studies [19][20][21][22] widely applied RS-and GIS-based AHP-MCDM techniques for the assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) with effective results. When these studies were examined, it was found that land use (LU), geomorphology (GM), geology (G), recharge...

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“…However, it has a large water footprint that is unsustainable for a semi-arid and water stressed country like South Africa, with low average rainfall of 465 mm, which is below the global average of 860 mm [2]. Demand for this important scarce resource is expected to increase due to rapid industrial development, increasing human population, per capita consumption increase, and the resulting impact of human activities on the environment [3]. High water demand and consumption leads to increases in the volume of wastewater generated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Pre-Chlorinated Wastewater Effluent for Microalgal Cultivation and Biodiesel Production

Odjadjare

Mutanda

Chen

et al. 2018

Water

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Microalgae are promising feedstock to produce biodiesel and other value added products. However, the water footprint for producing microalgal biodiesel is enormous and would put a strain on the water resources of water stressed countries like South Africa if freshwater is used without recycling. This study evaluates the utilization of pre-chlorinated wastewater as a cheap growth media for microalgal biomass propagation with the aim of producing biodiesel whilst simultaneously remediating the wastewater. Wastewater was collected from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Durban, inoculated with Neochloris aquatica and Asterarcys quadricellulare and the growth kinetics monitored for a period of 8 days. The physicochemical parameters; including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were determined before microalgal cultivation and after harvesting. Total lipids were quantified gravimetrically after extraction by hexane/isopropanol (3:2 v/v). Biodiesel was produced by transesterification and characterised by gas chromatography. The total carbohydrate was extracted by acid hydrolysis and quantified by spectrophotometric method based on aldehyde functional group derivatization. Asterarcys quadricellulare utilized the wastewater for growth and reduced the COD of the wastewater effluent from the Umbilo WWTP by 12.4%. Total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) were reduced by 48% and 50% respectively by Asterarcys quadricellulare cultivated in sterile wastewater while, Neochloris reduced the TP by 37% and TN by 29%. Although the highest biomass yield (460 mg dry weight) was obtained for Asterarcys, the highest amount of lipid (14.85 ± 1.63 mg L −1 ) and carbohydrate (14.84 ± 0.1 mg L −1 ) content were recorded in Neochloris aquatica. The dominant fatty acids in the microalgae were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). The biodiesel produced was determined to be of good quality with high oxidation stability and low viscosity, and conformed to the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) guidelines.

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Impact of Population Growth and Climate Change on the Freshwater Resources of Lamu Island, Kenya

Cited by 123 publications

References 42 publications

Demographic Rise Effect on Water Supply Systems in Urban Higher Learning Institutions; Case Study of Kenyatta University

Demographic Rise Effect on Water Supply Systems in Urban Higher Learning Institutions; Case Study of Kenyatta University

Evaluation of Groundwater Potential by GIS-Based Multicriteria Decision Making as a Spatial Prediction Tool: Case Study in the Tigris River Batman-Hasankeyf Sub-Basin, Turkey

Evaluation of Pre-Chlorinated Wastewater Effluent for Microalgal Cultivation and Biodiesel Production

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