Impact of polystyrene microplastic exposure on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758): Differential inflammatory and immune response between anterior and posterior intestine

Microplastics in aquaculture - Potential impacts on inflammatory processes in Nile tilapia

“…Refs. [ 32 , 33 , 51 , 52 ]). In the study by Standen et al [ 32 ], casp-3 , PCNA , HSP70 , TLR2 , TNFɑ , TGFβ , IL-1β , and IL-10 relative expression levels were analyzed in intestines, where several gene expression levels were increased after administration of specific probiotics while no indications for inflammation were found in histology [ 32 ].…”

“…In the distal intestine, a similar upregulatory response as in the liver occurred, while in the proximal intestine, a contrary pattern of downregulation in the microplastic-exposed fish occurred. Del Piano et al [ 52 ] also observed tissue-dependent down-regulation/upregulation of IL-1β , IL-10 , TNFɑ , and TGFβ , TLR2 in the proximal and distal intestine of gilthead seabreams ( Sparus aurata ) following ingestion of polystyrene microplastics. While TNFɑ , TGFβ , and TLR2 were significantly upregulated in proximal intestinal tissue after the PS exposure, there was no effect on the expression levels of these genes in distal tissue.…”

“…IL-10 however was upregulated in proximal and downregulated in distal intestines of the P S-exposed gilthead seabreams. The expression of IL-1β was upregulated in both proximal and distal intestines [ 52 ]. The same group previously found these differences in proximal and distal intestinal tissue along with effects in the histology of the intestines, as a reduced villi height, reduced number of goblet cells, and elevated signs of oxidative stress by ingestion of polystyrene microplastics in seabream [ 67 ].…”