Impact of outpatient SARS-CoV-2 infections in minority children

Denny, Vanessa; Shah, Niva; Petro, Karolina; Choksey, Karishma; DeSantis, Elizabeth; Hintz, M.; Rethi, Shruthi; Sánchez, S Ruiz; Sylla, Bernadette; Chiu, Stephanie; Gagliardo, Christina; Kairam, N.; Nwaobasi-Iwuh, Eberechi; Pentima, M. Cecilia Di

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024895

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Four studies conducted in the United States identified an association between the risk of COVID‐infection and socioeconomic factors 9,13–15 . The primary variable for socioeconomic status in the American articles was race/ethnicity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four studies conducted in the United States identified an association between the risk of COVID-infection and socioeconomic factors. 9,[13][14][15] The primary variable for socioeconomic status in the American articles was race/ethnicity. These studies revealed that children from Hispanic and/or African American minorities, as well as those residing in lower income households and minority-dominated neighbourhoods, exhibited a significantly higher susceptibility to COVID-infection (Table 1).…”

Section: Covid Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review of socioeconomic factors and COVID‐19 in children and adolescents

Sahli,

Størdal

2024

Acta Paediatrica

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AimTo systematically review the evidence on Covid‐19 infection risk, severity and vaccination uptake among children and adolescents by socioeconomic status.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review, using the PubMed database. We searched for articles published from January 2020 to January 2022 using “MeSH” words and titles. The key terms were “COVID”, “social status”, “socioeconomic factor” and “children”. We also searched secondary sources such as published reports and other databases.ResultsThe search identified 15 relevant articles and reports. This review shows that children of lower socioeconomic status have a higher risk of COVID‐19 infection and a higher risk of being hospitalised. Mortality in a global setting was also higher in children with low socioeconomic status, though not observed in high‐resourced countries. These children are also less likely to be vaccinated against the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus.ConclusionsThe higher risk of COVID‐19 infection and hospitalisation and lower vaccination coverage in children and adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds demonstrate health disparities also in young age. These disparities should inform health authorities in planning for future pandemics.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Covid Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of socioeconomic factors and COVID‐19 in children and adolescents

Sahli,

Størdal

2024

Acta Paediatrica

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“…Included studies came from 47 different countries although the majority were from Europe (43 studies) 24,[28][29][30][31][32]34,36,39,40,44,49,50,52,53,55,[58][59][60]68,74,75,[77][78][79]81,82,84,[88][89][90][91][94][95][96]98,103,104,107,113,114 , and the USA (26 studies) 33,35,37,[41][42][43][45][46][47][48]57,61,63,…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term outcomes of COVID-19 infection in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Twohig,

Bajpai,

Corp

et al. 2024

NIHR Open Res

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Background Children and young people (CYP) may experience prolonged symptoms following COVID-19, commonly termed ‘Long-COVID’. The characteristics of Long-COVID in CYP are unclear, as are the sequalae of acute COVID-19. We aimed to systematically synthesise evidence of the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 in CYP. Methods 13 electronic databases were searched until January 2022. Inclusion criteria: observational studies reporting outcomes occurring four-weeks or more after COVID-19 in children <18 years old. Exclusion criteria: outcomes of Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome. Title, abstract and full text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment was by one reviewer with independent verification. Critical appraisal tools appropriate for study type were employed. Results were narratively synthesised with meta-analysis to generate summary estimates of risk of prolonged symptoms in CYP. Results 94 studies were included in this systematic review. Of these, 66 studies recruited from hospital settings and 8 studies recruited solely from community settings. Over 100 symptoms were reported, the most common being fatigue, headache and cognitive symptoms. Summary estimates of prevalence of prolonged symptoms were higher for hospital samples (31.2%, 95% CI 20.3% to 43.2%) than for community samples (4.6%, 95% CI 3.4% to 5.8). Reported sequalae of COVID-19 in CYP included stroke, type-1 diabetes, Guillan-Barre syndrome, and persistent radiological or blood test abnormalities. Most studies reporting these sequalae were case reports / case series and the quality of evidence in these studies was low. Conclusions Prolonged symptoms following COVID-19 in children are variable and multi-systemic. Rates of prolonged symptoms in community samples are lower than hospital samples. There is currently limited good quality data on other sequalae in CYP. Heterogeneity in methods of diagnosis of COVID-19, symptom classification, assessment method and duration of follow-up made synthesis less secure.

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“…Of the 43 studies, 90.7% (39 studies) reported at least one minor concern of bias in the study design so were given an overall moderate risk of bias allocation. Three studies were rated as having low risk of bias overall ( 14 , 18 , 50 ) and one study was rated as high risk of bias, due to a lack of adjustment for confounding factors ( 34 ). Most studies found “some concern” in domain 3, relating to participant selection and risks of selection bias.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review

Harris,

Hart,

Bhattacharya

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionIdentifying SARS-CoV-2 infection risk factors allows targeted public health and social measures (PHSM). As new, more transmissible variants of concern (VoC) emerge, vaccination rates increase and PHSM are eased, it is important to understand any potential change to infection risk factors. The aim of this systematic literature review is to describe the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection by VoC.MethodsA literature search was performed in MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase databases on 5 May 2022. Eligibility included: observational studies published in English after 1 January 2020; any age group; the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection; and any potential risk factors investigated in the study. Results were synthesized into a narrative summary with respect to measures of association, by VoC. ROBINS-E tool was utilized for risk of bias assessment.ResultsOf 6,197 studies retrieved, 43 studies were included after screening. Common risk factors included older age, minority ethnic group, low socioeconomic status, male gender, increased household size, occupation/lower income level, inability to work from home, public transport use, and lower education level. Most studies were undertaken when the ancestral strain was predominant. Many studies had some selection bias due to testing criteria and limited laboratory capacity.ConclusionUnderstanding who is at risk enables the development of strategies that target priority groups at each of the different stages of a pandemic and helps inform vaccination strategies and other interventions which may also inform public health responses to future respiratory infection outbreaks. While it was not possible to determine changes to infection risk by recent VoC in this review, the risk factors identified will add to the overall understanding of the groups who are at greatest risk of infection in the early stages of a respiratory virus outbreak.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022330706, PROSPERO [CRD42022330706].

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Impact of outpatient SARS-CoV-2 infections in minority children

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Systematic review of socioeconomic factors and COVID‐19 in children and adolescents

Systematic review of socioeconomic factors and COVID‐19 in children and adolescents

Long-term outcomes of COVID-19 infection in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic literature review

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