Long-term outcomes of COVID-19 infection in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background Children and young people (CYP) may experience prolonged symptoms following COVID-19, commonly termed ‘Long-COVID’. The characteristics of Long-COVID in CYP are unclear, as are the sequalae of acute COVID-19. We aimed to systematically synthesise evidence of the long-term outcomes of COVID-19 in CYP. Methods 13 electronic databases were searched until January 2022. Inclusion criteria: observational studies reporting outcomes occurring four-weeks or more after COVID-19 in children <18 years old. Exclusion criteria: outcomes of Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome. Title, abstract and full text screening were conducted independently by two reviewers. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment was by one reviewer with independent verification. Critical appraisal tools appropriate for study type were employed. Results were narratively synthesised with meta-analysis to generate summary estimates of risk of prolonged symptoms in CYP. Results 94 studies were included in this systematic review. Of these, 66 studies recruited from hospital settings and 8 studies recruited solely from community settings. Over 100 symptoms were reported, the most common being fatigue, headache and cognitive symptoms. Summary estimates of prevalence of prolonged symptoms were higher for hospital samples (31.2%, 95% CI 20.3% to 43.2%) than for community samples (4.6%, 95% CI 3.4% to 5.8). Reported sequalae of COVID-19 in CYP included stroke, type-1 diabetes, Guillan-Barre syndrome, and persistent radiological or blood test abnormalities. Most studies reporting these sequalae were case reports / case series and the quality of evidence in these studies was low. Conclusions Prolonged symptoms following COVID-19 in children are variable and multi-systemic. Rates of prolonged symptoms in community samples are lower than hospital samples. There is currently limited good quality data on other sequalae in CYP. Heterogeneity in methods of diagnosis of COVID-19, symptom classification, assessment method and duration of follow-up made synthesis less secure.

Coproducing Health Information Materials With Young People: Reflections and Lessons Learned

“…Long Covid, describes symptoms which continue 4 weeks after acute Covid‐19, including ‘ongoing symptomatic’ (or ‘postacute’) Covid‐19, symptoms between 4 and 12 weeks after initial onset, and ‘post‐Covid‐19 syndrome’, symptoms longer than 12 weeks. Symptoms are variable and can affect a wide range of systems within the body [ 4 ]. A range of symptoms have been reported in CYP with Long Covid, commonly including fatigue, breathing difficulties, headaches, myalgia/arthralgia, and sensory problems [ 5 ], and these symptoms can fluctuate in intensity and new symptoms can develop after the initial infection [ 6 ].…”