Impact of Masculinity and Normative Male Alexithymia on Interpersonal Difficulties in Young Adult Males

Liaqat, Hira; Malik, Tamkeen Ashraf; Afsar, Bilal

doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2488

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Regarding alexithymia, brain structure and chemistry, as well as hormonal balance, are factors that have been shown to play a key role in sex-based differences in alexithymic levels [ 113 ]. Moreover, several authors have suggested that females tend to manifest better ability in processing and interpreting their own and others’ emotions [ 114 ] and that males may have reported higher alexithymic traits than females due to sex-related social pressure [ 115 ]. On the other hand, other studies have suggested that this female advantage may also result in a higher risk of developing affective disorders [ 116 , 117 ] and that the relationship between alexithymia and difficulties in coping with life event stressors is more relevant and stronger among females, especially during adolescence and young adulthood [ 118 , 119 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet Addiction among Young Adult University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress, Attachment, and Alexithymia

Marzilli

Cerniglia

Cimino

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The literature focused on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on young adult university students’ mental health shows a significant increase in psychopathological symptoms and Internet Addiction (IA). The key role played by attachment and alexithymia has also been suggested, but no study has explored the possible dynamic relationship between these variables. We recruited a sample of n = 410 young adult university students online. We assessed the attachment to parents and peers (through IPPA), alexithymia (through TAS-20), peritraumatic distress symptoms due to COVID-19 (through CPDI), and IA (through IAT). The results showed that the relationship between the attachment to mothers and IA was partially mediated by alexithymia and by the serial mediation of alexithymia and peritraumatic distress, whereas the influence of the attachment to fathers on IA was fully mediated by peritraumatic distress. The direct effects of the attachment to peers on alexithymia, peritraumatic distress, and IA were all significant, as were the indirect paths via the simple mediation of both alexithymia and peritraumatic distress and the multiple serial mediation of alexithymia and peritraumatic distress. Our findings suggested that the relationship between attachment, alexithymia, and psychopathological risk is dynamic in predicting IA during the pandemic among young adult university students and that the different attachment figures exert a peculiar contribution to these processes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet Addiction among Young Adult University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress, Attachment, and Alexithymia

Marzilli

Cerniglia

Cimino

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Emotions are generally described as feminine, threatening to military effectiveness and display rules sometimes resemble efficient emotion regulation (e.g., resilience; Ashley et al, 2017), and at other times are more akin to suppression or overcontrol (e.g., stoicism; Green et al, 2010). This is a nontrivial difference given the divergence of concomitants of efficient emotion regulation versus suppression; emotion suppression is linked to strict gender norm beliefs and a slew of negative outcomes including aggression, social impairment, disinterest in seeking help when needed (Humphreys et al, 2009; Liaqat et al, 2020). Men with high affiliation with masculine gender roles self-report lower affect intensity, but this appears driven by intolerance of internal experiences rather than genuinely attenuated intensity (Berke et al, 2019; Cohn et al, 2010; Jakupcak et al, 2003).…”

Section: Military Hypermasculinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The military hypermasculine mystique: Sex, status, and emotional control at the United States Military Academy.

Schaefer

Cotting

Proctor

et al. 2021

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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Although hostile expressions of masculinity have robust negative impacts in multiple domains among civilian populations, in the military, masculinity is a rarer target of inquiry and remains a polarizing subject. This article examines hostile and hypermasculine attitudes that prior work suggests may be associated with negative consequences for the social environment and men themselves in a U.S. military educational environment (N = 1,560 freshmen and 499 graduating senior men). Multivariate moderated multiple regressions (MMMR) linked military hypermasculinity facets (Machiavellian desire for status and control; conformity to masculine norms including emotional control, violence tolerance, needing to win, and impersonal sex preference; hostile and benevolent sexism) to performance outcomes including academics, leadership, and fitness; perceptions of peers, leadership, and antibias programming; and behavior. Desire for status, impersonal sex preference, violence tolerance, and benevolent sexism predicted negative performance outcomes. Violence tolerance, emotional control, and hostile sexism were associated with poorer perception of character education and/or anti-bias programming. Needing to win and control were associated with positive performance outcomes. Healthy messaging surrounding emotions, sex, and perception of women may help assuage toxic expressions of masculinity in the military. Contextualized demonstration of the counterproductive aspects of military hypermasculinity might sidestep opposition to altering hegemonic norms. Public Significance StatementOur results and the work of others show that hostile masculinities result in poor outcomes for men holding these beliefs and for the social environment generally. In our sample, poor outcomes for hypermasculine military attitudes included lower connection to peers, poorer grades and leadership, and rejection of diversity training efforts. Our findings suggest that healthy messaging surrounding sex and display of emotions are especially important to counteract problems associated with hypermasculine military culture.

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“…The noneffectiveness of ICT for male adolescents on the hyperactivity and relationship issues subscales in the present study may be related to difficulty communicating and expressing feelings (Blumberg et al, 2015;Chaplin, 2015;Liaqat et al, 2020), along with the fact that many of them did not engage positively in the ICT sessions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Integrative community therapy for the promotion of mental health in adolescents: A quasi‐experimental study

Felipe

Alves

Andrade

et al. 2022

Couns and Psychother Res

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Background The numerous transformations that occur during adolescence render this phase more susceptible to mental health issues, and it is therefore important to conduct studies assessing interventions aimed at promoting mental health among this population. Aim To evaluate the effects of integrative community therapy (ICT) on the mental health of adolescents. Method This is a quasi‐experimental pre‐ and post‐test study with a quantitative approach. The participants were 127 adolescents aged 12–17 years, attending a public school in the southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, who completed a participant characterisation questionnaire and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Ten ICT sessions were conducted for each group, with an average participation of 12 adolescents per group. The recommended guidelines of the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence were used for the presentation of this study. Results In the pre‐intervention assessment, 70.1% of the adolescents presented a positive screening for mental health alteration. Females were more likely to present as borderline or abnormal based on the total SDQ score, and were more likely to report emotional and relationship issues with peers. It was evidenced that the ICT sessions contributed to a reduction in alterations in adolescent mental health in the domains of hyperactivity, emotional issues, conduct issues, relationship issues, and the total SDQ score. Conclusion Integrative community therapy was an effective intervention for reducing mental health alterations in adolescents. Worthy of note is the role of healthcare and education professionals in the promotion of adolescent health.

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Impact of Masculinity and Normative Male Alexithymia on Interpersonal Difficulties in Young Adult Males

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Internet Addiction among Young Adult University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress, Attachment, and Alexithymia

Internet Addiction among Young Adult University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Peritraumatic Distress, Attachment, and Alexithymia

The military hypermasculine mystique: Sex, status, and emotional control at the United States Military Academy.

Integrative community therapy for the promotion of mental health in adolescents: A quasi‐experimental study

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