Impact of man's activities on the chemical composition in the sediments of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron

Kemp, A. L. W.; Thomas, R. L.

doi:10.1007/bf00280847

Cited by 95 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The earliest studies to use lake sediment records to infer recent changes in heavy metal pollution explored variations in the concentrations of Hg and Pb (Thomas 1972;Aston et al 1973;Kemp and Thomas 1976). Their interpretations are based on the trends and timing of concentration changes, allowing them to infer an increasing pollution load.…”

Section: Raw Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, V, which is supplied via erosion of basaltic soils, closely follows the Cu increase except for two episodes of elevated Cu concentration which are considered to reflect Cu mining Al concentration to support their case for enhanced pollution (using Al, assumed to have a uniform flux to the sediment, to correct for the effect of high and variable natural supply of CaCO 3 and organic matter). Kemp and Thomas (1976) develop this approach for their Great Lake records, applying a normalisation that retained the original concentration units. Norton and Kahl (1987) formalised this approach, using Eq.…”

Section: Ratio To Passive Tracermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities—A Geochemical Approach

Boyle

Chiverrell

Schillereff

2015

Environmental Contaminants

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Since the first studies reporting recent stratigraphic changes of metal concentration in lake sediments, many hundreds of studies have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. It is an impossible task to do justice to all of these works here; instead we: (1) examine recent methodological advances and place these in the context of the historical development of the discipline; and (2) explore the various purposes to which such methods have been applied. Such a historical emphasis may appear in conflict with the needs of a review of new approaches; however, this is not in fact the case for two main reasons. First, most new advances supplement rather than replace traditional methods, such that a thorough understanding of the practical and theoretical issues impacting these is still essential for reliable interpretation of palaeolimnological data. Second, while many of the new methods purport to circumvent problems, they achieve this only under favourable conditions, not dissimilar to the conditions that influence the earlier methods, so the same lesson must be learned anyway. Consequently, we use this historical narrative to address the fundamentals of the discipline.The chapter comprises two main parts; methodology and applications. The methodological section has three subsections: (1) Introduction to processes controlling natural variations in metal fluxes and concentrations in lake sediments; (2) Measurement of metal concentrations in sediments; (3) Calculation of enrichment or fluxes from sediment metal concentration data.There are four main applications subsections focusing on the value of lake sediment records of metals derived from mining or industry. They are: (1) Geochronological markers in sediments providing chronology for other research goals; (2) Lake sediment heavy metal records to quantify pollution loading histories, or to

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Section: Raw Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ratio To Passive Tracermentioning

confidence: 99%

Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities—A Geochemical Approach

Boyle

Chiverrell

Schillereff

2015

Environmental Contaminants

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“…The sediment enrichment factor [49][50][51][52] and geoaccumulation index [53] are usually applied to evaluate the sources and degree of pollution. For this study, the sediment enrichment factor [49] is defined as follows:…”

Section: Digestion and Chemical Analysis Of Bottom Sedimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium Distribution and Spatial Variations in the Finer Sediment Grain Size Fraction and Unfractioned Surficial Sediments on Nyanza Gulf, of Lake Victoria (East Africa)

Mwamburi

2016

Journal of Waste Management

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Surficial sediments collected from the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (East Africa) were used to determine spatial concentrations of Cr and determine differences in contents of the unfractioned (whole sediment) and the finer grain size sediments, establishing any changes in Cr enrichment and potential ecological risks using sediment quality guidelines. A single pollution index was also used to evaluate level of Cr contamination. The spatial mean Cr contents in the <63 m (silt-clay) fraction were found to be significantly lower than those in the unfractioned sediments, but with a strong linear positive correlation. The study results show decreasing spatial amounts of Cr in surficial sediments of the Nyanza Gulf, when compared to a study done 20 years earlier. However, the 95% confidence limits of the overall mean Cr in unfractioned sediments exceed the threshold effect concentration (TEC), indicating the potential for Cr remobilization from sediments. In general the sediment enrichment is evidence of possible dominance of lithogenous sources of Cr in the surface lake sediments, with potential anthropogenic sources from the drainage system and nearshore urban areas. The sediments are unpolluted with respect to geoaccumulation index, and sediment enrichment factors suggest a minor to moderate enrichment of Cr in surficial sediments of three sites around the Nyanza Gulf zones and around the river mouth in the main lake.

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“…Therefore, to quantify the magnitude of the contamination relative to natural levels, raw concentrations are commonly normalised both to the representative background concentrations of the element of interest and to a conservative reference element which controls for variability of sediment properties such as particle size and organic concentration (Abrahim and Parker, 2008;Duce et al, 1975;Kemp and Thomas, 1976;Pompeani et al, 2013;Schütz and Rahn, 1982;Shotyk, 1996a;Zoller et al, 1974). This double normalisation method produces a ratio describing the magnitude of anthropogenic pollution termed the Enrichment Factor (EF) (Duce et al, 1975;Shotyk, 1996b;Sinex and Helz, 1981;Zoller et al, 1974).…”

Section: Enrichment Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the potential post-depositional transport of metals outlined in the previous section, both lake sediment (Abbott and Wolfe, 2003;Bindler et al, 2001;Brännvall et al, 2001a;Camarero et al, 2009;Cooke et al, 2007;Dillon and Evans, 1982;Evans, 1986;Foster et al, 1991;Kemp and Thomas, 1976;Klaminder et al, 2010;Norton and Kahl, 1987;Outridge et al, 2002;Pompeani et al, 2013;Renberg et al, 2002;Renberg et al, 1994;Yang et al, 2007) and soils (Brännvall et al, 2001b;Friedland et al, 1992;Fujikawa et al, 2000;Nickel et al, 2015;Reiners et al, 1975;Steinnes et al, 1997) have been used as archives of atmospheric metal deposition.…”

Section: Lake Sediments and Soils As Archives Of Metal Contaminantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of atmospheric metal pollutants in the landscape, Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia

Stromsoe¹

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Industrial metals, emitted to the atmosphere by human activity, have been transported and deposited to almost every location on Earth, including Antarctica and Greenland. This is demonstrated by an increasing body of literature in which many atmospheric industrial metals (e.g. Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu) have been shown to be significantly enriched in environmental archives. Studies have largely focussed on peat mires and ice cores, which receive high rates of atmospheric deposition relative to terrestrial inputs. By contrast, few studies have examined the extent of atmospherically derived metals across the wider landscape, where processes such as pedogenesis, erosion and sedimentation affect the spatial extent and magnitude of metal enrichment. In the Snowy Mountains, Australia, atmospheric pollutant metals have previously been identified in alpine peat mires, although their impact on the wider environment has not been assessed. Interest in the fate of atmospheric pollutants in the Snowy Mountains has increased due to the operation of a cloud seeding program in which, silver iodide, AgI, is released to the atmosphere, leading to concerns that silver, Ag, contamination may be accumulating in this ecologically important region. This thesis examines the spatial extent and magnitude of atmospherically derived metals in the SnowyMountains by investigating patterns of enrichment in a range of geomorphic settings and catchment positions, including in soils, peat mires, lakes and reservoirs. The potential movement of metals through the landscape was also assessed by examining rates of geomorphic processes, including rates of pedogenesis and erosion, determined via radionuclides. The thesis was undertaken in three parts which are summarised below. by atmospheric deposition (ombrotrophic peat mires in the upper parts of catchments), the order and magnitude of metal enrichment most closely resembled that of collected aerosols, however, on average enrichment was 5-7 fold lower than in the aerosols. Metals most sensitive to enrichment, i.e., those with low natural abundance in local sediments (Cd, Ag, Sb, Mo), were enriched in all environments including the most geomorphically active settings (tarn lake sediments). In reservoirs, located lower in catchments, patterns of metal enrichment largely reflected concentrations in catchment soils but metals were additionally enriched or depleted depending on their relative particle reactivity. For those metals which are most sensitive to enrichment (Ag, Cd, Sb), the increase in excess flux required to reach trigger value concentrations is lowest in the reservoir sediments (Ag: 13-18, Cd: 7-10 and Sb: 17-61 times the current flux) and highest in the tarn lake (Ag: 60, Cd: 15, Sb: 27 times the current flux) and the peat mire (Ag: 74, Cd: 15, Sb: 18 times the current flux).In part three of this thesis, rates of soil production and soil erosion were quantified using radiocarbon dating, fallout radionuclides and sediment yields in lakes and reservoirs in order to assess the stability of l...

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Impact of man's activities on the chemical composition in the sediments of Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron

Cited by 95 publications

References 18 publications

Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities—A Geochemical Approach

Lacustrine Archives of Metals from Mining and Other Industrial Activities—A Geochemical Approach

Chromium Distribution and Spatial Variations in the Finer Sediment Grain Size Fraction and Unfractioned Surficial Sediments on Nyanza Gulf, of Lake Victoria (East Africa)

The fate of atmospheric metal pollutants in the landscape, Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia

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