The impact of the chain length or
dispersity of polymers in controlling
the crystallization of amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredients
(APIs) has been discussed for a long time. However, because of the
weak control of these parameters in the majority of macromolecules
used in pharmaceutical formulations, the abovementioned topic is poorly
understood. Herein, four acetylated oligosaccharides, maltose (acMAL),
raffinose (acRAF), stachyose (acSTA), and α-cyclodextrin (ac-α-CD)
of growing chain lengths and different topologies (linear
vs
cyclic), mimicking the growing backbone of the polymer,
were selected to probe the influence of these structural factors on
the crystallization of naproxen (NAP)—an API that does not
vitrify regardless of the cooling rate applied in our experiment.
It was found that in equimolar systems composed of NAP and linear
acetylated oligosaccharides, the progress and activation barrier for
crystallization are dependent on the molecular weight of the excipient
despite the fact that results of Fourier transform infrared studies
indicated that there is no difference in the interaction pattern between
measured samples. On the other hand, complementary dielectric, calorimetric,
and X-ray diffraction data clearly demonstrated that NAP mixed with
ac-α-CD (cyclic saccharide) does not tend to crystallize even
in the system with a much higher content of APIs. To explain this
interesting finding, we have carried out further density functional
theory computations, which revealed that incorporation of NAP into
the cavity of ac-α-CD is hardly possible because this state
is of much higher energy (up to 80 kJ/mol) with respect to the one
where the API is located outside of the saccharide torus. Hence, although
at the moment, it is very difficult to explain the much stronger impact
of the cyclic saccharide on the suppression of crystallization and
enhanced stability of NAP with respect to the linear carbohydrates,
our studies clearly showed that the chain length and the topology
of the excipient play a significant role in controlling the crystallization
of this API.