Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on oral manifestations of patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno deficiency syndrome in South India

Rao, K. V. S. Eswara; Chitturi, Ravi Teja; Kattappagari, Kiran Kumar; Kantheti, Lalith Prakash Chandra; Poosarla, Chandrasekhar; Baddam, Venkat Ramana Reddy

doi:10.4103/0253-7184.156703

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Studies on effects of HAART on oral changes, Candida species and salivary gland function had been reported from several countries, including Thailand, with various results (1,18). These could be because differences in study population, HAART regimens and study methods.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

et al. 2019

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BackgroundEffects of various Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimens on oral heath are unclear. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate effects of HAART on oral manifestations, salivary flow rates (SFR) and Candida species in HIV-infected patients who took mostly non-protease inhibitor-based HAART regimens.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed on HIV-infected patients taking and never taken HAART who attended Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre (n = 48). Non-HIV subjects were recruited as control (n = 20). Oral conditions and salivary flow rates were evaluated using oral examination and measurement of unstimulated and stimulated saliva. In addition, Candida colonization counts (colony forming units; CFUs) and Candida species from the collected saliva were evaluated using CHROMagar.ResultsThe most common oral manifestation in HIV-infected subjects taking HAART was hyperpigmentation. Unstimulated and stimulated SFR among the three groups were not statistically significant. Candida colonization was detected in 64%, 65% and 35% of HIV-infected subjects taking HAART, HAART-naïve, and non-HIV subjects, respectively. While 20% and 35% of HIV-infected subjects with and without HAART, respectively, had Candida CFUs higher than 500/ml, all non-HIV carriers had Candida CFUs lower than 500/ml. The most common Candida colonization species was C. albicans in HAART and non-HIV groups. Interestingly, HAART-naïve group was colonized more by non-albicans species.ConclusionsHAART has minimal effects on oral health. While HAART may not prevent Candida colonization, it might lead to reduction of non-albicans species. Because maintaining low Candida counts is important, HAART administration and antifungal sensitivity test should be considered in HIV-infected patients. Key words:HIV, Candida, HAART, Oral manifestation, Salivary flow rates.

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Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

et al. 2019

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“…Polysomnography was used to diagnosis OSA. 8 – 10 This procedure included reports, electrocardiography, omental and pretibial electromyography, electro-oculography, electroencephalography, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ) of oral and nasal respiration, and chest movement. An integrated top airflow for at least 10 seconds was defined as an episode of apnea.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in obstructive sleep apnea in adults

et al. 2020

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Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), and to assess the effect of risk factors of airway inflammation on OSA. Methods Medical records of patients in the Respiratory Sleep Center at Chao-Yang Hospital in Beijing between January 2015 and June 2017 were analyzed. All patients were diagnosed with OSA. Data of the medical history, clinical examinations, FENO, and upper airway computed tomographic findings were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors of OSA. Results A total of 181 patients were admitted to the Respiratory Sleep Center during the study and 170 had a diagnosis of OSA and were included in the study. Single factor analysis showed that male sex, age, body mass index, smoking index, alcohol consumption, FENO, soft palate thickness, soft palate length, the narrowest transverse diameter of the upper airway, tonsil size, and nasal sinusitis were risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing and disease severity. Conclusions Male sex, age, body mass index, FENO, the narrowest transverse diameter of the upper airway, and normal tonsil size are associated with OSA and disease severity. The severity of OSA is associated with FENO levels.

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“…Although the therapy has improved long-term survival rate, there are associated toxic side effects and emergence of multi-drug resistance. Furthermore, there is a limited access to anti-HIV drugs in the developing countries due to their high costs [ 6 ]. Clearly, there remains an urgent demand for an effective and low-cost system for prophylaxis and treatment of HIV infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of HIV Virus by Neutralizing Vhh Attached to Dual Functional Liposomes Encapsulating Dapivirine

et al. 2016

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Although highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly improved the life expectancy of HIV/AIDS patients, the treatment is not curative. It is a global challenge which fosters an urgent need to develop an effective drug or neutralizing antibody delivery approach for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Due to the low density of envelope spikes with restricted mobility present on the surface of HIV virus, which limit the antibody potency and allow virus mutation and escape from the immune system, it is important for a neutralizing antibody to form bivalent or multivalent bonds with the virus. Liposome constructs could fulfil this need due to the flexible mobility of the membrane with its attached antibodies and the capacity for drug encapsulation. In this study, we evaluated the neutralization activity of a range of liposome formulations in different sizes coated with anti-gp120 llama antibody fragments (Vhhs) conjugated via either non-covalent metal chelation or a covalent linkage. The non-covalent construct demonstrated identical binding affinity to HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and neutralizing ability for HIV virus as free Vhh. Although covalently linked Vhh showed significant binding affinity to gp120, it unexpectedly had a lower neutralization potency. This may be due to the comparability in size of the viral and liposome particles restricting the number which can be bound to the liposome surface so involving only a fraction of the antibodies, whereas non-covalently attached antibodies dissociate from the surface after acting with gp120 and free the remainder to bind further viruses. Covalently conjugated Vhh might also trigger the cellular uptake of a liposome-virion complex. To explore the possible ability of the antibody-coated liposomes to have a further function, we encapsulated the hydrophobic antiviral drug dapivirine into both of the non-covalently and covalently conjugated liposome formulations, both of which revealed high efficacy in reducing viral replication in vitro. Thus, dual function liposomes may lead to a novel strategy for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS by combining the neutralizing activity of Vhh with antiviral effects of high drug concentrations.

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Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on oral manifestations of patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno deficiency syndrome in South India

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

Oral manifestations, salivary flow rates and Candida species in Thai HIV-infected patients

Risk factors and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide in obstructive sleep apnea in adults

Inhibition of HIV Virus by Neutralizing Vhh Attached to Dual Functional Liposomes Encapsulating Dapivirine

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