Impact of gender on bladder cancer incidence, staging, and prognosis

Fajković, Harun; Halpern, Joshua A.; Eugene, K.; Bahadori, Atessa; Chromecki, Thomas; Karakiewicz, Pierre I.; Breinl, Eckart; Merseburger, Axel S.; Shariat, Shahrokh F.

doi:10.1007/s00345-011-0709-9

Cited by 205 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…It is widely accepted that macroscopic hematuria is indicative of an urothelial tumor, until proven otherwise. Researchers observed a 65% higher likelihood that men would be referred to an urologist than women by their primary provider for new onset or recurrent hematuria (Johnson et al, 2008;Fajkovic et al, 2011). A delay in urologic referral for hematuria could result in a delay in diagnosis of potentially life threatening bladder cancer and upstaging (Nielsen et al, 2007;Gore et al, 2009).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic and Socioeconomic Status of Bladder Cancer in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran

Ahmadi

Ranjbaran²,

Amiri³

et al. 2012

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 13 (10), [5053][5054][5055][5056] IntroductionUrinary bladder cancer occurs in all countries around the world, and it is the fifth most common cancer in the United States (Oberfield et al., 1996;Ben-Kasus et al., 2005;Yamada et al., 2010). Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract worldwide after prostate cancer. However, in Iran, it is the most common cancer of the genitourinary system and the third most common cancer in males. The incidence of bladder cancer is lower in Asia as compare to Western European and North America (Johansson and Cohen, 1997).Globally, approximately 336,000 new cases of bladder cancer occurred in 2000, two-thirds of which were in developed countries. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in males and the ninth most common in females (Lagwinski et al., 2007;Scélo and Brennan., 2007;Yavari et al., 2009). It accounts for 7% of all new cancer cases, in men and 2% in women (Carel et al., 1999). Bladder cancer is almost three to four times more common in men than in women in most populations (Parkin et al., 2005). This reflects the more frequent exposure of men to . Demographic data, including sex, age, residency and symptoms were investigated through careful review of medical records. Using a questionnaire protocol, several variables were assessed for these cases such as smoking, history of opium, vegetable consumption habits, and history of other cancers. Results: A total of 112 cases were analyzed, 98 (87.5%) in men and 14 (12.5%) in women (mean age of 68.0±14.6 years). Urban and rural residence were 60.7% and 39.3%. Tobacco and opium use were found in 45.5% and 21.4% of patients, respectively. Approximately 60% consumed vegetables an average of fewer than one time per day. Hematuria was the first symptom in these cases which were mainly diagnosed as having bladder cancer by ultrasonography. Conclusion: The results showed that bladder cancer tends to be found in the elderly and the male to female ratio is high. Macroscopic hematuria is a very important symptom for indicating probably urothelial tumor that should be followed up patients with transabdominal ultrasonography as a routine modality.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic and Socioeconomic Status of Bladder Cancer in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran

Ahmadi

Ranjbaran²,

Amiri³

et al. 2012

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…Furthermore, female gender was also associated with low Hsp105 scores. Generally, the female gender was shown to be associated with a higher recurrence rate and cancer-specific mortality following radical cystectomy (22,23), although the underlying causes have not been determined. A possible explanation is that the immunogenicity of Hsp105 may be associated with the inferior prognosis of female patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High expression of heat shock protein 105 predicts a favorable prognosis for patients with urinary bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy

Kawai

Enomoto

Morikawa

et al. 2013

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

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Abstract. Heat shock protein 105 (Hsp105) is one of the cancer/testis antigens, which is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, including urinary bladder cancer, and has been investigated as a target molecule for immunotherapy due to its immunogenicity. In this study, we assessed the expression of Hsp105 in primary bladder cancer samples from 84 patients treated with radical cystectomy, using immunohistochemical analysis, and investigated its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and cancer-specific survival. The immunoreactivity of Hsp105 expression was evaluated as a score of 0-3, according to the intensity of the signal. The Hsp105 expression was high (score 2 or 3) in 31 cases and low (score 0 or 1) in 53 cases; however, it was not significantly correlated with age, nuclear grade, pathological tumor stage and previous intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. Female gender, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis were associated with low Hsp105 scores, although the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.071, 0.061 and 0.175, respectively). However, a high Hsp105 score was significantly associated with a favorable prognosis (P=0.017) and was identified as an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis (P=0.032; hazard ratio, 2.34). These findings suggested that the expression of Hsp105 may be a novel indicator of a favorable prognosis in bladder cancer. IntroductionUrinary bladder cancer is the second most common urological cancer and is responsible for 2.0% of cancer-related mortality cases worldwide (1). Muscle invasion is a key factor for the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (stages Ta, T1 and Tis) generally has a good prognosis, whereas muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC; stages T2, T3 and T4) frequently develops metastases and has a poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival of 65-70% following radical cystectomy (2,3). However, clinical and pathological markers for the prediction of prognosis of patients with bladder cancer following radical cystectomy have not yet been established.Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are stress proteins released in response to various stress factors, such as heat, infection, ischemia and cancer (4). The expression of HSPs in cancer cells has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis (5,6). HSPs also modulate cancer cell immunogenicity (7,8). Heat shock protein 105 (Hsp105) is a high-molecular-weight protein that belongs to the Hsp105̸110 family. It is one of several cancer̸testis antigens that were identified by serological analysis of antigens by recombinant expression cloning (SEREX) (9). Previous studies have suggested that Hsp105 enhances stress-induced apoptosis in embryonal cells (10), while suppressing stress-induced apoptosis in neuronal (11) and cancer cells (12,13). Hosaka et al (12) reported that the knockdown of Hsp105 induced apoptosis in the HCT116 human colon cancer and the KATO-3 human gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, Hsp105 was shown to be ove...

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“…urothelial carcinoma of the bladder), cumulative evidence suggests an association between smoking and more advanced disease stage and grade as well as disease recurrence [12][13][14][15]. Moreover, population-based and multicentre collaborative studies have shown that female gender is associated with a significantly higher rate of cancer-specific recurrence and mortality after radical cystectomy [16] but, to date, no study has assessed the gender-specific impact of smoking on UTUC outcomes in patients treated with RNU.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, former smokers were at higher risk of cancer-specific mortality compared with never smokers, but not current smokers. Smoking and gender-specific outcomes in UTUC 132 (66) 139 (68) 38 (67) 151 (72) 82 (61) Ureter 59 (39) 67 (34) 64 (32) 19 (33) 59 (28) 53 ( 153 (77) 195 (96) 48 (84) 178 (85) 122 (90) Laparoscopic 24 (16) 46 (23) 8 (4) 9 (16) 32 (15) 13 ( 5 (2) 2 (1) 1 (1) 6 (3) 0 (0) pTa 32 (21) 35 (18) 32 (16) 9 (16) 35 (17) 23 (17) pTis 5 (3) 10 (5) 1 (1) 2 (4) 8 (4) 1 (1) pT1 42 (28) 50 (25) 33 (16) 17 (30) 39 (19) 27 (20) pT2 30 (20) 40 (20) 52 (26) 8 (14) 49 (23) 35 (26) pT3 36 (24) 54 …”

Section: Association Of Smoking With Survival Outcomes In Menmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender‐specific effect of smoking on upper tract urothelial carcinoma outcomes

et al. 2013

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Objective• To evaluate the gender-specific differential effects of smoking habits and cumulative smoking exposure on outcomes in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Patients and Methods• A total of 864 consecutive patients, comprising 553 (64%) men and 311 (36%) women, from five international institutions underwent RNU without neoadjuvant chemotherapy.• Smoking history included smoking status (current, former or never), quantity of cigarettes per day (CPD), smoking duration in years and years since smoking cessation. Cumulative smoking exposure was categorized as light short-term (Յ19 CPD and Յ19.9 years), moderate (all combinations except light short-term and heavy long-term), and heavy long-term (Ն20 CPD and Ն20 years).• Uni-and multivariable competing risk regression models were used to assess the associations with outcomes. Results• Overall, 244 (28.2%), 297 (34.4%) and 323 (37.4%) patients were never, former and current smokers, respectively.• There were no differences in smoking status, quantity and duration between the genders.• In female ever smokers, 30 (9.6%), 121 (38.9%) and 67 (21.5%) were light short-term, moderate and heavy long-term smokers, respectively. Compared with men, female current smokers were more likely to experience disease recurrence in univariable analysis (P = 0.013).• In heavy long-term smokers, female gender was significantly associated with disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 1.7; P = 0.03) and cancer-specific mortality (HR 2.0; P = 0.009) in multivariable analysis that adjusted for standard clinico-pathological features.• In female patients only, smoking quantity, duration and cumulative exposure were associated with disease recurrence and cancer-specific mortality on multivariable analyses (P Յ 0.025). Conclusions• The impact of smoking on UTUC outcomes after RNU is gender-specific.• Females who are current and heavy long-term smokers experience worse outcomes than their male counterparts. • Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the gender-specific differential effect of smoking on UTUC outcomes.

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Impact of gender on bladder cancer incidence, staging, and prognosis

Cited by 205 publications

References 51 publications

Epidemiologic and Socioeconomic Status of Bladder Cancer in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran

Epidemiologic and Socioeconomic Status of Bladder Cancer in Mazandaran province, Northern Iran

High expression of heat shock protein 105 predicts a favorable prognosis for patients with urinary bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy

Gender‐specific effect of smoking on upper tract urothelial carcinoma outcomes

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