Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine

Wang, Chongming; Xu, Hongming; Herreros, José Martín; Wang, Jianxin; Cracknell, Roger

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.012

Cited by 212 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The experiments conducted by Zhang et al [17] were at low speed and high load condition (2000 rpm, 210 Nm), it was found that the E10 and E20 fuels reduced PN emissions from GDI engine. While others [18,19] have reached opposite conclusions. Wang et al [19] found ethanol addition increased the PN emissions, the experiments were at low speed and low load conditions (1500 rpm, 3.5e8.5 bar BMEP).…”

Section: Effects Of Ethanol On Pm Emissions In Gdi Enginesmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…While others [18,19] have reached opposite conclusions. Wang et al [19] found ethanol addition increased the PN emissions, the experiments were at low speed and low load conditions (1500 rpm, 3.5e8.5 bar BMEP). In the chemical aspect, ethanol addition is beneficial for PM reduction because it can inhibit the formation of soot precursors, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [20].…”

Section: Effects Of Ethanol On Pm Emissions In Gdi Enginesmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel

Luo

Zhu

Fang

et al. 2015

Applied Thermal Engineering

105

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Section: Effects Of Ethanol On Pm Emissions In Gdi Enginesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Effects Of Ethanol On Pm Emissions In Gdi Enginesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel

Luo

Zhu

Fang

et al. 2015

Applied Thermal Engineering

105

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“…With this research, Berndorfer et al provide additional explanation for the increase of particulate emissions, aside from the increased probability of wall wetting and pool fires. This phenomenon was also studied by Wang et al [27].…”

mentioning

confidence: 70%

Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Henkel

Hardalupas

Taylor

et al. 2017

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Unlike in port fuel injection (PFI) systems, gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines deliver fuel directly into the combustion chamber. This opens up the possibility of new injection strategies and can improve efficiency and fuel consumption, especially under partial load [1,2,3]. An additional advantage is the so-called stratified charge operation, which allows adjustment of the injection and ignition timings of the engine, to further optimise engine operation [4]. In addition, the charge cooling effect observed during fuel injection allows for the use of higher compression ratios, with reduced risk of knocking. These benefits are gaining more attention with the continuing trend of downsizing and super-or turbocharging of engines, due to increasingly strict emissions regulations [5,6,7]. Additional benefits of GDI are the option to completely shut-off fuel supply while coasting [8] and improved cold start behaviour compared to PFI engines [9,10].One major challenge of the GDI concept, however, is the potential for increased formation of particulate emissions. Recent emissions legislations such as EURO 6 in Europe and LEV III (Low Emissions Vehicle Program) in the US pose very strict limitations on particle number and mass (PM) concentrations [11,12]. Methods to control particulate emissions from GDI engines are therefore important.Introduction of an injector into the combustion chamber of a GDI engine results in direct exposure of the injector tip to the harsh conditions occurring during combustion. Because the flame directly interacts with the nozzle, combustion products can be deposited on the surface and inside cavities. This is usually referred to as injector fouling or coking and can have an adverse effect on fuel consumption, engine performance and both hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Formation of deposits on the injector tip can result in alteration of spray pattern leading to increased spray impingement and therefore increased particulate emissions [13,14,15,16].The phenomenon of injector fouling and how it is influenced by fuel and engine parameters was the focus of a number of studies. Aradi et al. [17] investigated different fuel blends under several conditions in a four cylinder engine. They used rich fuel-to-air ratios in order to promote fouling. By measuring the temperature of the injector tip with an internal sensor, they saw that with increasing temperature Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines ABSTRACTIn Gasoline Direct Injection engines, direct exposure of the injector to the flame can cause combustion products to accumulate on the nozzle, which can result in increased particulate emissions. This research observes the impact of injector fouling on particulate emissions and the associated injector spray pattern and shows how both can be reversed by utilising fuel detergency. For this purpose multi-hole injectors were deliberately fouled in a four-cylinder test engine with two different base fuels. During a fo...

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“…Oxidation is pervasive throughout the soot formation process due to the highly oxidizing conditions within the cylinder, and acts to reduce the size and number of the soot nanoparticles produced. Both the formation and oxidation are highly dependent on the engine operating conditions, such as injection modes [8,9], cold start conditions [10,11] or engine speed and load [10,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative nanostructure analysis of gasoline turbocharged direct injection and diesel soot-in-oil with carbon black

Pfau

Rocca

Haffner-Staton

et al. 2018

Carbon

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a b s t r a c tTwo gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) and two diesel soot-in-oil samples were compared with one flame-generated soot sample. High resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging was employed for the initial qualitative assessment of the soot morphology. Carbon black and diesel soot both exhibit core-shell structures, comprising an amorphous core surrounded by graphene layers; only diesel soot has particles with multiple cores. In addition to such particles, GTDI soot also exhibits entirely amorphous structures, of which some contain crystalline particles only a few nanometers in diameter. Subsequent quantification of the nanostructure by fringe analysis indicates differences between the samples in terms of length, tortuosity, and separation of the graphitic fringes. The shortest fringes are exhibited by the GTDI samples, whilst the diesel soot and carbon black fringes are 9.7% and 15.1% longer, respectively. Fringe tortuosity is similar across the internal combustion engine samples, but lower for the carbon black sample. In contrast, fringe separation varies continuously among the samples. Raman spectroscopy further confirms the observed differences. The GTDI soot samples contain the highest fraction of amorphous carbon and defective graphitic structures, followed by diesel soot and carbon black respectively. The A D1 :A G ratios correlate linearly with both the fringe length and fringe separation.

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Impact of fuel and injection system on particle emissions from a GDI engine

Cited by 212 publications

References 57 publications

Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel

Size distribution, chemical composition and oxidation reactivity of particulate matter from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine fueled with ethanol-gasoline fuel

Injector Fouling and Its Impact on Engine Emissions and Spray Characteristics in Gasoline Direct Injection Engines

Comparative nanostructure analysis of gasoline turbocharged direct injection and diesel soot-in-oil with carbon black

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