Impact of female hormones on blood pressure: Review of potential mechanisms and clinical studies

Kotchen, Jane Morley

doi:10.1007/s11906-003-0059-0

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Some evidence suggests that hormone therapy may have beneficial effects on some of the mechanisms hypothesized to be involved in the development of hypertension including abnormal baroreceptor sensitivity, increased sympathetic tone, and arterial stiffness [5–7]. However, previous studies examining the association between hormone therapy and blood pressure have produced divergent results with some studies reporting an increase in blood pressure levels or a higher risk of hypertension while other studies reporting a neutral or antihypertensive effect of hormone therapy [8–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hormone therapy on mean blood pressure and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in postmenopausal women

Shimbo

Wang

LaMonte

et al. 2014

Journal of Hypertension

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Objectives Mean and visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of blood pressure are associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk. We examined the effect of hormone therapy on mean and VVV of blood pressure in postmenopausal women from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized controlled trials. Methods Blood pressure was measured at baseline and annually in the two WHI hormone therapy trials in which 10,739 and 16,608 postmenopausal women were randomized to conjugated equine estrogens (CEE, 0.625 mg/day) or placebo, and CEE plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA, 2.5 mg/day) or placebo, respectively. Results At the first annual visit (Year 1), mean systolic blood pressure was 1.04 mmHg (95% CI 0.58, 1.50) and 1.35 mmHg (95% CI 0.99, 1.72) higher in the CEE and CEE+MPA arms respectively compared to corresponding placebos. These effects remained stable after Year 1. CEE also increased VVV of systolic blood pressure (ratio of VVV in CEE vs. placebo, 1.03, P<0.001), whereas CEE+MPA did not (ratio of VVV in CEE+MPA vs. placebo, 1.01, P=0.20). After accounting for study drug adherence, the effects of CEE and CEE+MPA on mean systolic blood pressure increased at Year 1, and the differences in the CEE and CEE+MPA arms vs. placebos also continued to increase after Year 1. Further, both CEE and CEE+MPA significantly increased VVV of systolic blood pressure (ratio of VVV in CEE vs. placebo, 1.04, P<0.001; ratio of VVV in CEE+MPA vs. placebo, 1.05, P<0.001). Conclusions Among postmenopausal women, CEE and CEE+MPA at conventional doses increased mean and VVV of systolic blood pressure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of hormone therapy on mean blood pressure and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in postmenopausal women

Shimbo

Wang

LaMonte

et al. 2014

Journal of Hypertension

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“…34 Estrogens play a protective role against hypertension by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity. 35 In contrast, progesterone favors vasoconstriction and decreases estrogen receptor synthesis 36,37 and, by direct effect on the vascular bed, promotes vasoconstrictor synthesis. 36 This hormone may increase cardiac excitability, having opposite effects to estrogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 In contrast, progesterone favors vasoconstriction and decreases estrogen receptor synthesis 36,37 and, by direct effect on the vascular bed, promotes vasoconstrictor synthesis. 36 This hormone may increase cardiac excitability, having opposite effects to estrogen. Through progesterone, there is an increase in cardiovascular pressure (a higher heart rate), at the same level of work, during follicular and luteal phases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of cardiorespiratory resistance in different menstrual cycle phases in female futsal players

Nabo

Conceição²,

Parraça

et al. 2021

Apunts Sports Medicine

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Introduction: This study was aimed to investigated and compare the cardiorespiratory resistance of futsal players during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Material and methods: Fourteen female players (age: 24.1 ± 4.1 years; body mass: 59.6 ± 9.1 kg; height: 1.64 ± 0.06 m; index body mass: 22.1 ± 2.8 kg/m 2 ) were submitted to a cardiorespiratory resistance test, that was performed in a calibrated treadmill, where we had as reference for the calculation of VO 2 max. Each subject also performed two evaluations of the intended test, corresponding to the phases of the menstrual cycle: folicular phase (day 8 ± 3) and luteal phase (day 20 ± 2). Results: The results of the present research showed that there were significant changes, showing higher values of the cardiorespiratory resistance in luteal phase (VO 2 max = 41.199 ml/kg/min) compared to folicular phase of the menstrual cycle (VO 2 max = 39.030 ml/kg/min), where p = 0.043. There is still a great deal of controversy in the existing literature when considering a relationship of menstrual cycle phases to physical exercise. Conclusion:The cardiorespiratory resistance of futsal players was increased in luteal phase compared to follicular phase, and management of the training is advisable, namely in type and volume.

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“…Эстрогены являются вазоактивными субстанциями, влияющими на все слои артериальной стенки. Так было показано, что с наступлением менопаузы снижается эндотелийзависимая вазодилатация, что связывают со снижением продукции оксида азота (NO) [24]. Кроме того, дефицит эстрогенов увеличивает агрегацию тромбоцитов, адгезию клеток, воспаление артериальной стенки, способствует высвобождению факторов пролиферации гладкомышечных клеток [1].…”

Section: результаты исследованияunclassified

Influence of endothelial dysfunction caused by estrogen deficiency on the severity of cerebral ischemia in rats

Tyurenkov

Николаевич²,

Волотова

et al. 2019

Rev Clin Pharm Drug Ther

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The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endothelial dysfunction caused by a decrease in the estrogen level on the severity of cerebral ischemia. Methods. Endothelial dysfunction was caused by extirpation of the uterus with appendages and was confirmed by counting circulating endothelial cells and evaluating stimulated and basal secretion of nitric oxide. Focal cerebral ischemia was modeled by intravasal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The severity of ischemia was assessed according to the scales of neurological deficit (Combs & D’Alecy and McGraw), in the Rotarod test and in terms of the volume of necrosis. Results. Estrogen deficiency resulted in an increase in the circulating endothelial cells by 88%, as well as a decrease in stimulated and basal nitric oxide secretion by 17.1% and 14.7% respectively. Focal cerebral ischemia in animals with endothelial dysfunction caused by estrogen deficiency resulted in greater cerebral damage, resulting in an increase in the level of neurological deficit on the Combs & D’Alecy and McGraw scales for 7 days, a decrease in the retention time on the rotating rod by 32%, as well as an increase in the infarct volume by 89% relative to the group of animals without sexual hormones failure. Conclusion. It has been shown that endothelial dysfunction caused by estrogen deficiency complicates the severity of cerebral ischemia, causing a more pronounced neurological and motor deficit, and contributes to an increase in the size of infarct volume.

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Impact of female hormones on blood pressure: Review of potential mechanisms and clinical studies

Cited by 13 publications

References 85 publications

The effect of hormone therapy on mean blood pressure and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in postmenopausal women

The effect of hormone therapy on mean blood pressure and visit-to-visit blood pressure variability in postmenopausal women

Comparison of cardiorespiratory resistance in different menstrual cycle phases in female futsal players

Influence of endothelial dysfunction caused by estrogen deficiency on the severity of cerebral ischemia in rats

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