Impact of family planning programs in reducing high-risk births due to younger and older maternal age, short birth intervals, and high parity

Birth interval and stunting in children under five years of age in Peru (1996–2014)

“…Family planning is also essential to reduce the risks (Brown et al . ) and has been included among the strategies for the reduction of the stunting (de Onis et al . ).…”

Ensuring healthy pregnancies, births, and babies

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] Commonalities in the unfinished agenda emerge through the lens of various disciplines, emphasizing the need for more cross-disciplinary, coordinated, and integrated program approaches across the life cycle and across physical and mental maternal and child health, nutrition, and family planning. Processes for behavior change and for assessing and intervening in the broader systems within which healthcare is delivered-within communities and across multiple sectors including health, nutrition, education, child and social protection-also emerge as critical for accelerating progress.…”

Impact of relaxation of the one‐child policy on maternal mortality in Guangzhou, China

“…Violation of the policy had consequences such as job loss, forced pregnancy termination, and financial and medical care penalties (for example, wage reduction, fines for excess births, and ineligibility for medical insurance and welfare benefits) . The one‐child policy did indeed cause China's birth rate to plummet and China has experienced dramatic social changes and rapid economic growth; however, unwanted secondary effects have emerged such as an imbalanced sex ratio and an aging population …”

“…Previous studies on the one‐child policy have focused on social problems such as the sex ratio imbalance and the aging population . Although this policy could theoretically have had an impact on maternal health as well, only one previous study was identified that had attempted to assess this effect.…”

“…[2][3][4] The one-child policy did indeed cause China's birth rate to plummet and China has experienced dramatic social changes and rapid economic growth; however, unwanted secondary effects have emerged such as an imbalanced sex ratio and an aging population. 1,[5][6][7] The one-child policy has been gradually relaxed during recent decades, from allowing couples in rural areas to have a second child in the late 1980s to permitting couples in urban areas to have a second child if both parents were from a one-child family in 2000, to proposing that couples could have a second child if either parent had only one child in 2013, and finally to ending the one-child policy and implementing a universal two-children-per-family policy in…”